Food Advertisement Paper - 2017 Words

Why Were Advertisements Developed and How Have they Changed? An important topic in the late 1920’s was food. Since it was around the time of the Great Depression money was scarce and food was important for survival. In order to make money and beat competitors, companies had to get their products well known and keep their prices low. One way businesses did this was by either sponsoring a radio show or putting their product on paper, which was the beginning of advertising. This was significant since the radio was a new technology that allowed messages to be delivered simultaneously through transmitters with very little delay to everyone who owned one. It was the main source of entertainment, like the television is today. There are many†¦show more content†¦Then eat sensibly- which means you avoid overeating: thus reducing caloric intake considerably. Then this happens: First, this delicious drink satisfies your craving for rich, sweet foods†¦ Second, the natural dextrose in Welch’s is quickly consumed, and by this pro cess not only aids nature in consuming excess at but increases your energy. That is why weight is lost naturally: why you not only look better but actually feel better; have more energy.[8] By using a well-known actress the product was better publicized than it could by a regular person. Radio broadcasts and paper advertisements were the best way to get messages to consumers until another technology was born, the television. Then, companies were able to advertise such messages as a picture or video instead of just sound. In the late 1930’s the television was introduced to the world. Soon after its appearance children’s shows began to air in the late 1940’s. This was the perfect opportunity to target a different audience, children. By sponsoring popular children’s television shows, Welch’s was creating a cradle to grave advertising scheme. Kids highly influence their parents spending and once they become comfortably with a particular brand or product they tend to buy it their whole life. There are many companies that useShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Nutrition Information On Advertisement Of Fast Food Chains Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pa gesThe impacts of nutrition information on advertisement of fast food chains The fast food industry in the U.S. has rapidly expanded in the past few decades (Hwang, 2013). In 2014, the industry has created a 3% current value growth, indicating its robust and continued ability in the U.S. market overall (Euromonitor, 2015). 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Professional Football Training and Development Free Essays

string(65) " starts the specialization phase which is mainly non-unilateral\." Football is among the topmost popular sports in the modern world and is characterized as an intermittent, high intensity and non-continuous exercise. However, there is still a lot of debate and uncertainty surrounding the sport’s physiological requirements as a result of the overemphasis of skills which lead to the neglect of physical fitness, difficulty in scientific study of the sports as well as the conservative training methods that are mainly employed in the development and training of professional players. There has been an evolutionary trend in the professional football such as changes in the roles that players have, a greater frequency of fixtures to play and new tactics and strategies that continue to increase the all round fitness demands for players. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Football Training and Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper thus wishes to explore periodization: theory and methodology in the professional training and development of football players with specific focus on physiological perspectives. The research theorizes that the utilization of specialization training that is based on a comprehensive multilateral foundation is the most effective training method necessary to develop a professional football player. Introduction Professional football training and development is a process that should be governed by the principles of training. The core objective of these processes is top increase the footballer’s sporting skills and ultimately his/her level of sporting performance. Professional football training and development has to cover the various performance aspects or components that are normally employed by a player in a match. These include tactical, technical, social/psychological and fitness training. In order for an athlete to compete as a professional football player from a physiological perspective, they need to have high levels of fitness so as to cope with the physical demands that the game requires as well as be able to utilize their technical abilities throughout the whole game. As such fitness training is an important part of the professional footballer’s training programme. The most important characteristic of a football fitness training program is that it should closely resemble match-play as much as possible. As such the main part of the training for fitness exercise should incorporate a football as this has several advantages. Firstly, the players are able to develop tactical and technical skills under similar conditions to those that they will be subjected to during a match. Secondly, this trains the specific muscle groups that are used when paying football. And finally this has been known to provide greater motivation for players as opposed to training without the ball (Ekblom, 1994, p. 124). Type of Training to be applied The overall development of the player should strike a balance between specialized training and multilateral development. As such, the earlier stages of training and development should be based on multilateral development which mainly targets the player’s overall physical development. As the player becomes more developed, the component of specialized training specific to skills needed in football steadily increases. As such the trainer or coach should have a clear understanding of the need for each of the two training stages and how the focus from one to the other changes as the player develops (Bompa Haff, 2009, p. 1). It is important to incorporate multilateral development in the formative periods of training program that wishes to develop and form a professional footballer. This is because it lays the ground work for the later steps in training that will be more specialized. The proper implementation of this principle will enable the player to have a developed physiological; basis that is essential for optimized performance necessary for professional football. This will ensure that the player has a high level of technical mastery as well as the physical preparation that translate to higher performance levels. The coach or trainer should avoid being tempted to ignore multilateral training for specialized training especially when the player becomes technically adept early in the process of training and development as this may compromise the player’s ability to sustain their optimal physical form once they get into professional football (Bompa Haff, 2009, p. 32). A sequential approach to the development of the player that progresses from the multilateral training to specialization is essential as the player matures so as to maximize their sporting potential. The multilateral stage includes multisport skills, some football specific skills and multifaceted motor development. As such the player undertakes a variety of exercises that allows him/her to fully develop his/her physiological system. For example, this phase of training allows the cardiovascular, neuromuscular and the energy systems to be activated in a number of ways. It is only when the player attains an acceptable level of development can him /her progress to the next phase which involves more specialization. It is important to note that this stage of development does not exclude specificity in its elements of training and on the contrary aspects of specificity of training should be maintained in all the stages of the training and development program although in varying proportions. Thus at this level specialization is minimal but increases in percentage as the player matures. This helps the player to have a foundation necessary for future development and also helps him/her to avoid staleness and overuse injury in future training and match-play (Bompa Haff, 2009, p. 2). The adoption of a comprehensive multilateral phase in training and development should be capable of ensuring that the player is best suited for a professional career in football. Although the improvement of performance is slow at the beginning it gradual increases to peak at eighteen or older, an age when the player has reached psychological as well as physiological maturity and can be able to better handle the pressures of playing professionally. It also allows for progressive and consistent performance in competitions as well as a longer athletic career. Overall physiological development as well as a more progressive loading pattern results in fewer injuries for the player (Bompa Haff, 2009, p. 34). Once the player is sufficiently developed, the training and development starts the specialization phase which is mainly non-unilateral. You read "Professional Football Training and Development" in category "Papers" This training allows the player to adapt physiologically to football. Specific adaptation involves areas such as the metabolic demand, movement demands, muscle recruitment patterns, contraction type and force generation pattern. Also note that the type of training employed has very specific effects on the player’s physiological characteristics. For example, resistance training has effects ranging from alterations of the neuromuscular system, metabolic or bioenergetics pathways, and the contractile machinery. Conversely endurance training is capable of stimulating both the peripheral as well as the central adaptations, which include the modification of a player’s metabolic and bioenergetics factors, altering patterns of neural recruitment and stimulating alterations of skeletal muscle significantly. Contemporary research done on athletes has shown that the skeletal muscles exhibit largely characteristics of plasticity in response to different types of endurance and resistance training resulting in the deactivation or activation of the different signaling pathways on a molecular level depending on the type of exercise the player is subjected to (Bompa Haff, 2009, p. 35). The overall fitness training programme should incorporate elements of intermittency, randomness and dynamism. Although this may make the training and development process of professional footballers seem complex it is absolutely necessary so as to condition them to the conditions of match-play. As such the training should involve randomly sequenced physiological processes. This proves to be a challenge for coaches in their quest to condition and develop players. However, players should be involved in training programs that offers specialization that is based on multilateral training at the beginners’ stage. The specialization phase is characterized by a progressive increase in intensity and total volume of training as well as the degree of specialization. Specialization in simple terms describes exercise training that mimic or parallel movement in football while the multilateral phase describes exercises that develop endurance, speed and strength. Many researchers have suggested that the best adaptation to training and development of a professional football player occur as a result if exercise specific and that utilizes the football and also exercise that is targeted at specific bio-motor abilities but only after a multilateral foundation has been comprehensively developed (Da Silva, Bloomfield Marins, 2008). The fitness training and development programme should consider multiple factors so as to cover the various physical performance aspects that are required in football. As such the training needs to be divided into components that are based on specific physical demands that footballers experience during a match. Players experience varying exercise intensity during a training session as well as during matches. As such, the training must incorporate aerobic, anaerobic as wells specific muscle training. These two terms focus on the energy pathways that are dominant when participating in actual activity, either in training or in a match. Anaerobic and aerobic training represent exercise intensities above and below the maximum oxygen intake, respectively (Reilly Williams, 2003, p. 7). Physiological state necessary for the success of a professional football player A professional football player covers a mean distance of approximately eleven kilometers in a ninety minutes game. This value is not representative of the total energy requirements on the player during a game since in addition to running a walking, the footballer also has to perform other activ ities that are energy demanding. These activities include changing direction, acceleration and deceleration, static muscle contraction, jumping, tackling and rising from the ground among others. The total energy expenditure is therefore determined by all the physiological factors in play that affect the footballer. Experiments done on elite players have shown that out of the total energy contribution in the maximal oxygen intake, 70 % is derived from aerobic sources (Tumilty, 1993). As such the training programs of elite players emphasize on training at such average exercise intensity for at least ninety minutes in order to emphasize the player’s ability to perform intermittent exercise for prolonged periods, in other words, enhance endurance. In addition a professional player should be capable of performing consistently at high intensity, sprint and develop a high power output (force) necessary for single match situations, for example, jumping, tackling and kicking. The basis for optimal performance in these categories is characterized by fitness in aspects of cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance and strength combined with interplay of coordination by the nervous system. These characteristics determined genetically but can as well be developed through proper training (Spinks, Reilly Murphy, 2002, p. 3). Factors affecting efficiency in training and developing of football players Factors affecting the development and training of players include most importantly factors that the coach and the player can influence such as the player’s physical abilities; anaerobic power, aerobic capacity, strength/speed, agility/flexibility and coordination. Player’s Technical and tactical skills; control/passing, tackl ing/shooting, knowledge/creativity and anticipation. Player’s Psychological factors: confidence, motivation, arousal, concentration. The player’s current status such as injuries being experienced, nutritional levels and psychological stability is also a factor in play during training. Factors that the coach or player do not have control over such as environmental and social factors such as the coach or trainer, family, friends, the climate, playing surface. Other factors include the gender of the player and the genetic endowment (Reilley Korkusuz, 2008) Methodology Data for this study will be drawn from field work, documentary analysis and both formal and informal interviews. Also previous research as well as official publication from relevant bodies governing football will form the starting point for the inquiry relevant to this research. To understand the best method for training and developing professional football players, field observations will be carried out on three professional academies and three non professional teams in the United Kingdom that carter for youths wishing to join the senior teams. Data will also be gathered in these situations using formal and informal methods (Holmes 1991, p. 20). The data will then be analyses using the comparative investigation of physical education and sport developed by Holmes (1991). This will be with a view to suggest solutions to currently apparent problem and offer future programme improvements to the way training and developing professional footballers is currently practiced (Holmes, 1991,p 27). How to cite Professional Football Training and Development, Papers

Individual and Teamwork Performance Evaluation Report

Question: Discuss about the Individual and Teamwork Performance Evaluation Report. Answer: Purpose and Scope of the report The purpose of my report is to evaluate the issue of weaknesses brought about by the tendency to fully emphasize on individual performance within a work setting. The report also seeks to point out some of the problems likely to be faced whenever there are changes in an organization`s human resource structure and consequently generate several recommendations likely to counter them. The scope of the report is as follows; it seeks only to examine the setbacks associated with awarding too much attention to personal output and the gains of teamwork performance. The report will not consider other management mechanisms attributed particularly to the control function of management. The problem statement The name of the case study is classical management in the Haier Group. The problem is linked to the controlling function of management. The great emphasis given to individual performance has proven to be remarkably beneficial and productive in both the short and long term run. Haier prides itself as one of the respected and feared competitors in the electronics industry largely because of the use of the control function of management with great emphasis on individual output. The approach carries along a major setback which is the absence of synergy or teamwork, and if it is there, it is normally at minimal levels. I will elaborate on the need and benefits of giving keen attention and emphasis on teamwork in equal measures just like the one given to personal performance. Discussion The two most evident perspectives in my research are: giving too much weight to individual performance lowers the chances for the presence of collaborative work and secondly embracing teamwork goes a long way in contributing to maximized individual and overall output. These are risks in themselves. Risk and the manner it is managed has emerged as a key feature of organizational life involving both private and public sectors (Soin, 2013). Perspective one As vividly pointed out in the Haier Group case study, the emphasis is on individual work and incentives can greatly compromise teamwork within an organization. The management approach that is, OEC-O was hugely inclined towards an individual`s performance rather than functioning as one unified team. The human resource of the company elaborated the approach as that which implies that each worker has to complete the daily target work and this includes a one percent increase over the previous day`s work. An administrative manager facilitates optimum productivity. Strategic human resource management came up as an ascendant approach to human resource management policy within the previous thirty years (Robin, 2013). This implies that the two that is, personal and collaborative efforts are needful for an entity to realize full output and in an efficacious manner. Sometimes the changes in the human resource motivations, commitment and attitude may contribute to certain unnoticed problems especially individualism. The need for and centrality of fortified human resource development principles and practice is of an immense essence (Jon, 2014) . For instance, for Haier, the new management steered by Zhang caused a commendable expansion of the firm. However, the shake-up and change in the control management function led to the problem of teamwork absence or rather its trivialization. This is essential because the employers were motivated by the need to accomplish their individual daily work as assigned and expected by the management. As such, the lack of synergy in an organization may be detrimental. We normally depend on teams to execute complex tasks especially in highly involving settings (Tripp, 2017). This means that the management ought to cultivate a tenacious attitude and desired conduct in the workforce especially about collaborative work rather than focusing on individual input only. The way top-level managers work efficaciously as a team is vital to the success of a business and the varied backgrounds of top managers influence the efficiency of their teamwork (Li-Qun, 2012) Additionally, the focus on personal input is closely tied or associated with new processes which permit for the perpetuation of individual incentives in most instances. In most cases, the workers are promised extra earnings on completion of their individual daily tasks and such; this greatly hampers the general performance since each employee is only focused on accomplishing the day`s set tasks. This means that there are little if any, chances for such workers to assist each other in case one needs a helping hand. Team learning conduct was found to intercede the relationships or linkages between teamwork know-how and the team outcomes (Priyanko, 2015). Another issue related to individual performance is arriving at intuition-based decisions. Since each employee is heavily and solely working on his/her own, there exist high tendencies to make decisions founded on one`s intrinsic feelings, attitudes, and behaviors. This means there are lowered possibilities if any, for individual workers to seek assistance or even consult their colleagues. This is because, for most of them, it is a rush against time every other day. Modally results indicated that worker perceptions of organizational error management culture impacts directly and negatively on their turnover intentions (Priyenko, 2016) Sometimes, the focus on personal performance may cause regular frictions between the management and the employees. This is particularly in cases where the worker(s) fails to achieve their designated duties and tasks due to some factors like time and personal domestic responsibilities. As such, most of the time the employees execute their tasks with some degree of fear and anxiety, which is not suitable for productivity. There is need to follow practical ways in evaluating demand and replacing needs and using productivity ratios to transform delivery units into human resource requirements and this call for steps in workforce planning (Andrew, 2015). Perspective two The second perspective is the essence of exercising teamwork for a holistic output. In Haier, collaborative performance was vividly undermined at the expense of focus on personal output. In the company, each employee is required to continuously improve their job skills and ensure that the one percent increase in daily production is achieved. This translates into lower teamwork. The capability of organizations to be skilled at teamwork and creating high-performance teams is a chief approach to competitive advantage and can as well determine the future prosperity or failure of many entities (Warrick, 2016). He adds that teamwork can remarkably improve effectiveness, performance, efficiency, job satisfaction, morale, innovative thinking, quality, speedy work, communication and loyalty to a firm. Some of the hidden gains of good team work include the fact that no one is indispensable (we need each other), personal weaknesses are masked, personal strengths are developed into full strengths, and one can think along with others. This implies that every individual has his/her strengths and they collectively give rise to more power and synergy. Team work assists in averting possible risks linked to reinforcing individual performance. For instance, the risk of overall output being compromised. Individuals may be structured to create a highly effective team competent of delivery much more compared to the total of its members (Margie, 2011) The employment of teamwork approach promotes the actualization of a wholesome and full productivity. Setting a rigorous team structure can assist in reducing instances of some team members not adequately giving input in the common undertakings. Encouraging a culture of teamwork is of immense significance to an entity. Facilitating the development of a team is challenging, yet vital (Kirstin, 2016). He further adds that team training is an efficacious strategy. It is essential to efficaciously organize efforts in teamwork, have the ability to see things from other people`s perspectives like clients or even team members. Conclusion There should be an emphasis on a blend of both individual and teamwork performance for a wholesome and maximum output. Recommendations Based on the above conclusion, I believe the following recommendations are suitable for the issue: Measures should be engineered to encourage voluntary teamwork Have regular review of the management strategies and approaches Employees` attitudes, conduct, and motivations should be matched with the company`s vision, value and mission statements The workers should fully understand their jobs and the need to genuinely embrace the objectives of the organization. Establishment of an appropriate reward and incentive system for the best performing team Setting unique and different goals for each department within the organization reflecting the overall goal of the entity. References Andrew, M., 2015. Strategic Workforce Planning- A Vital Business Activity. Strategic HR Review, 14(5), pp. 174-181. Jon, M., 2014. Human Resource Development-Human Resource Management: So What is it?. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), pp. 127-139. Kirstin, M., 2016. Maximizing Team Performance: The Critical Role of the Nurse Leader. Nursing Forum, 59(1), pp. 21-29. Li-Qun, W., 2012. Effective Teamwork at the Top: The Evidence from China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(9), pp. 1853-1870. Margie, J., 2011. 4.3.2 Systematic Approach to the Development, Evolution, and Effectiveness of Integrated Product Development Teams (IPDTs). INCOSE International Symposium, 21(1), pp. 395-409. Priyanka, G., 2015. Making Teamwork Work: Team Knowledge for Team Effectiveness. The Journal of Psychology, 150(3), pp. 300-317. Priyanka, G., 2016. Error Management Culture: Impact on Cohesion, Stress, and Turnover Intentions. The Service Industries Journal, 36(3-4), pp. 124-141. Reza, K. R. V. T. Y. . J. I., 2010. Management Accounting, Human Policies Organizational Performance in Canada, Japan the UK. USA: CIMA Publisher. Robin, K., 2013. Beyond Human Resource Management: Is sustainable human resource management the next approach?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(8), pp. 1069-1089. Soin, K., 2013. Risk and Risk Management in Management Accounting and Control. Management Accounting Research, 24(2). Tripp, D., 2017. Teams in Extreme Environments: Alterations in Team Development and Teamwork. Human Resource Management Review. Warrick, D., 2016. `What Leaders can Learn about Teamwork and Developing High Performance Teams from Organization Development Practitioners`. Performance Improvement, 55(3), pp. 13-21.

Why girls like pink color free essay sample

Generally it is believed that girls like pink color and boys prefer blue color over others. But if one closely examines this concept (or misconception!), one realizes that it is not true. It is not that girls are genetically programmed to like pink. Then why this mass belief that girls like pink? Actually all this is a market gimmick which has been so strongly reinforced on our mindsets through aggressive marketing of products that we have begun to belief that girls like pink and boys like blue. Think of the instances, when your friends and family members began to decorate the room of the baby girl in pink colors the moments she was born. Her cupboard was full of pink clothes and even her toiletries came packed in pink color. The poor girl actually stepped in a world where it was customized in a way that she was left with no choice but pink color. We will write a custom essay sample on Why girls like pink color or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Obviously she was made to believe that pink color symbolizes femininity, sophistication and beauty and being a girl she should be attributed with all these traits. Such stereotyping and conditioning makes girls believe that they have to like pink color. A recent research conducted by Time magazine shows that girls do not like pink color instinctively. The research rather suggested that all people irrespective of their gender like color blue. Of course the choice of shades varied among men and women. Women preferred more of reddish – purple shades of blue while boys preferred blue-green shades. The researchers have further mentioned that the difference in the choice of hues has their origin in gender specific tasks men and women have been doing since time immemorial. Men used to go out, hunt and earn bread for family while women used to go to jungle for hunting various fruits and vegetables for making meals of the family.

Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essays

Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essays Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essay Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essay 5.4.2 Study Question Two Are there significant implications of the perceptions created by the media about African American men on how African American men are treated by the police? The cases reviewed in the research report bring to the fore multiple instances of profiling of African American men based on the stereotype that if flaunted in the media particularly branding the Black man as violent, aggressive, and dangerous. Moreover, reporting on incidences of crime are centred more on populous African American neighbourhoods; hence, creating a perception of crime as a characteristic of conduct among African American people.Sentiments by Dixon (2000) advance that the traditional media, in particular, has made it a habit to headline news that involves criminal behaviour or occurrences where Black men are involved. Moreover, prominence is given to crime stories that revolve around the engagement of African American men that any other news features including politics or human interest issues. As such, the traditional media has over the years desensitised the audiences with regards to having a sense of humanity towards African Americans. Black men in particular are s uspected of ulterior motives at the slightest of suggestion that their demeanour alludes to criminality of some form. The result has been that police officers scavenge for African American criminals in their neighbourhoods with the intention of clamping down on criminal activities. However, the notion that all Black men are involved in criminal acts is misconstrued since African American men are stereotyped as to either deal in drug peddling or involves in armed robbery and gun violence. To answer the research question, yes indeed, African American portrayals in media especially traditional media where the negativity is magnified has had the impact of straining relations between African American men and law enforcement agencies that include police officers who are deployed in neighbourhoods where Black people live to maintain order and tranquillity. As such, police officers enter the neighbourhood under the thought or minds as presented in this paper include the case of Eric Garner and Michael Brown both of whom were huge in size while Tamir Rice appeared to have worn a hoodie attributes that were pointed out in news reports as appearing dangerous to law enforcement. 5.4.3 Research Question Three What are the far reaching implications of the stereotypes created by the media about African American men in their social lives? In answering this question, the study finds that stories of people like Freddie Gray are depictive of the everyday challenges that African American men have to endure owing to the criminal branding that people of colour have had to contend with. In a neighbourhood where the rate of incarcerations exceeds the average rate, many young Black men have a criminal record and; hence, have difficulty gaining formal employment or financial aid to further their education. Moreover, the law in many states locks people with criminal records out of the bracket of eligibility for credit lending by banks. As a consequence, the community has had to endure a viscous cycle of crime waves where the main premise of survival in their livelihoods depends on doing something that is illegal in the eyes of the law(Maneri Wal, 2005). Ultimately, generations of men in the majority African American communities have to struggle from meal to meal on a daily basis. Crime has ultimately become a debacle that Afric an American community members cannot seem to rid of due to the limited alternative opportunities that are available to them for exploitation. Hence, the far reaching consequences as associated with police brutality against African American males has been that African American males convicted of crimes are unable to engage in socioeconomic development for self-improvement. Hence, once an individual has a criminal record, they are unable to get a job or earn a decent living which only leaves them with the option of crime as the only resort to etching a livelihood. Years and centuries of racial profiling of African Americans has historically disenfranchised them from achieving means of self-development; hence, disadvantaging African-Americans who resort to unorthodox means to gain a status of equality with White Americans. 5.4.4 Research Question Four What are the factors that determine the angle or approach taken by either traditional or modern forms of media with respect to the portrayal of African American men in media? Based on the analysis of the research findings, the determinants of medias take on issues pertaining to African American mens presentations lies in historical and economic factors. First, history of Black people as thoroughly discussed in Chapter 2 of the research report reveals suffering from the age of slavery through to present day modern Jim Crow situation. As such, disenfranchisement of African Americans over the years has made it impossible for African Americans to exert influence especially in the running of media houses. In that regard, African Americans do not own majority share rights in the ownership of traditional media companies such as FOX News, The Washington Post, and The New York Times, among many others that primarily comprise the definition of Old Media. Consequently, the White dominated media houses serve interests of the majority White populous while neglecting the needs and rights of African American minorities. The resultant implication is the suffering of Afri can American men who are negatively portrayed in Old Media. The converse holds in the case of New Media. As such, New Media liberates minorities from gagging, censorship and editing that is rampant in White owned Conventional Medial outlets. As such, social media sites that include Facebook and Twitter that have been extensively investigated in this research report present avenues for self-expression that is devoid of White populist influence. To that extent, a more accurate representation of African American men in New Media is evident in comparison to the inaccuracies that are characteristic of representations in Old Media. Moreover, New Media platforms offer people personalised space where people can share their ideas freely. Before the advent of the internet and social media sites, information was sanctioned based on editing and censorship done by media houses. However, in the age of Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, civilians can use phone cameras to record happenings as they unfold and immediately upload the same on the internet for peopl e to view and make informed judgments on their own. Conspicuously, many of the cases covered in this research paper under Chapter 4s research results include instances where witnesses took recordings of the police actions of brutality as they unfolded. To that extent, the New Media is liberating in that it allows people to focus on what they find important which explains the success that #Black Lives Matter movement has managed to achieve in rallying people behind the cause using social media(Freelon, The Measure of a Movement: Quantifying Black Lives Matters Social Media Power, 2016). 5.4.5 Research Question Five What alternative progressive options exist in media towards shaping perceptions of African American males that would lead to an end of violent confrontation between police officers and African American suspects? The question on whether racism exists in the United States is one that at best is rhetorical. Equally, the question on whether police brutality is an issue in American society is also one that is obviously true. In that respect, the final research question seeks to answer the query on how far or to what extent does racism ad police brutality inform the fabric of American society. How can the tensions between African American males and predominantly White male police officers be addressed? More importantly, what solutions lie in the portrayal of African American men by the media in positive juxtapositions as opposed to the negative portrayals that persist? The solution to addressing the challenge that is racial profiling of African American males by White police officers lies in representation. More so, the representation of African American men by the media has a key role to play in changing the mind set of not only the police, but also White Americans and Black Americans at large as key components in the divide that is the debacle of police brutality.;;According to Okoronkwo (2008) the issue of racial profiling of Black people by White police officers has historical roots in the struggle for emancipation of Africans from the chains of slavery. As such, the king of racism where police officers use their power and privilege to discriminate justice against African Americans is a betrayal of their sworn oath to protect and serve all citizens without fear or favour regardless of the colour of their skin. Nonetheless, it is an undeniable fact that crime rates among American youth of African American race is skyrocketing, hence, the moral panic that is seen in the media especially traditional media is to some extent justified. However, the nature of exaggerated fear of African American males has with it escalated tensions and made the public or audiences warier and afraid of African American men.;;The sensational nature of traditional media reporting on African American crime has entrenched a belief among audiences that Black men are at the very least dangerous if not hard core criminals. The fear created by the media;s representation of African Americans has led to public perception of African American men as people who are violent and provocative to say the least. The ramifications of the study reveals that the media has to change the negative portrayals of Black men so as to prep the public in accepting African American men as human beings before making prejudgments that they are su spects of crime;(Okoronkwo, 2008). To that extent, law enforcement, the legislature, and the general public must work together with members of the media to churn the way forward as regards the portrayal of African American men. Responsible reporting in media should give African American men fair representation. Equally, and by extension, African American people must work towards changing the perceptions and stereotypes that are a popular notion and that negatively shape the thoughts of the American public about Black communities. All parties must; hence, get involved in championing different efforts or initiatives geared towards using the media as an avenue for positive representation of African American men. More so, African American men in crime thronged neighbourhoods should make decisive steps towards reform. Engaging young Black men in economic generating activities that provide them with a means to survival will give such people an alternative to criminal behaviour. In general, the media and the society both hav e a role to play, where the former must focus more on the positive aspects of Black American men while the latter means that African American men should abandon criminality so as to convince the public of positive stereotypes that are representative of African American men. ;

How to Brainstorm for NaNoWriMo Shaelins Top Tips

How to Brainstorm for NaNoWriMo Shaelins Top Tips How to Brainstorm for NaNoWriMo: Shaelin's Top Tips Shaelin Bishop is a writer, YouTuber, and a member of the team here at Reedsy. She’s also a veteran of the 30-day novel writing competition NaNoWriMo, having taken part in it for three years. In this lightly edited transcript of her video, she'll show you how to brainstorm for NaNoWriMo. Check out these #NaNoWriMo brainstorming tips from @shaelinbishop As a writer, there will be so many times when you might need to brainstorm. But specifically with NaNoWriMo approaching, there might be a few final things that you still have to work out in your book - things that might require some heavy-duty brainstorming sessions.We already have a video on how to get short story ideas. If you're trying to build an idea from scratch, you can check that out. Today is about brainstorming practices you can use to help you work through issues you're having, or develop the beginning of an idea.Tip 1: Treat brainstorming just like a writing sessionJust as you might block off time to write, cordon off your schedule to brainstorm and treat it as you would a drafting session. It's easy to rely on ideas that come in your head naturally as you're going about your day. That is how a lot of brainstorming happens, but it usually won't fulfill all your brainstorming need. Sometimes you'll hit a snag with your story and find that it's just not working naturally. You're going to have to sit through and work through it, so block off some time (even a few hours) to solve this problem.Just as you might have a daily word goal to reach when you sit down to draft your book, set goals for your brainstorming sessions. What problem do you want to solve when you're sitting down to brainstorm? Tip 2: Review and organize what you already haveA lot of the time, I find that just reading through all my notes will start to jog my mind and help me think of solutions without actively doing any brainstorming. So much fleshing-out of ideas happens for when I'm just reading through my notes. I realize something else I need to add - and then I see that there's something else I need to add. Suddenly, I've added so much more just by reading through my notes.If you have any questions, thoughts, or tips on brainstorming for a novel, please share them in the comments below.

Compare and contrast a peer-to-peer and client server networks Essay

Compare and contrast a peer-to-peer and client server networks - Essay Example Therefore, while using the client-server network, it remains customary to purchase a computer that would be used as a server. The server software’s cost is another disadvantage of the client-server network. In fact, establishment of the client-server networks sometimes proves so expensive that choosing this option seems like an uninformed decision. Nevertheless, the structure of the client-server network offers different kinds of powerful administrative tools that are specifically useful when security becomes an issue. On the other hand, peer-to-peer networks are cost effective to develop as there is no need of a high-end machine to serve as a server. Likewise, while using peer-to-peer networks, there is no need of special client licenses or server software. All that is required to efficiently use the peer-to-peer network comes with the Windows 95. Because of this affordability, peer-to-peer networks become quite suitable for use in small businesses or for the domestic users. However, security is sacrificed in the use of peer-to-peer network since the control of network lies in the hands of the end users, which makes it unsuitable for the high-security

Diversity at NIH Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diversity at NIH - Research Paper Example It will also seek to establish the results of diversity’s role in the general performance of the company. Diversity is a difference whereby people’s differences can be many and variable. In addition, diversity can refer to people’s commitment to recognize other’s ability and appreciate their unique characteristics within an environment that promotes and celebrates both personal and collective achievements within an organization. Factors determining diversity can from race to culture to religion and even marital status. NIH is the America’s National Institute of Health agency charged with the responsibility of carrying out research related to biomedical and health services. This agency is has two parts. The first one is the NIH Extramural Research Program that takes care of all biomedical research funding outside the agency. The other one is the NIH Intramural Research Program whose responsibility is to carry out internal research for NIH (Alving, 20 09). Many due to its synergistic approach towards biomedical research best know this agency. As elaborated, diversity strategy enables a company define its mission. NIH has a mission who vision is to envision a world where mental illnesses are preventable and curable. This can happen through transformation of understanding and treatment of mentally related illnesses via basic clinical researches that can easily pave way for prevention, cure, and recovery. According to NIH, United States of America has a remarkable diversity that presents the greatest strength that this country has compared to all other nations of the world. At NIH, people believe that workers’ varied backgrounds and experiences act as an extraordinary resource that has potential that can NIH realize only through full talent engagement. In addition, NIH points out that it can also realize benefits of diversity through intelligence and subsequent drive of its members regardless of their ethnicity, race, economi c, or cultural background (Rose & Cohrssen, 2010). Generally, there is need to engage diversity as a strategic measure of realizing NIH’s goals and objectives due to diversity’s ability to generate an integrated working environment aimed at achieving success. To begin with, NIH’s power of diversity as a strategic tool in achieving the company’s mission is highlighted by the solutions it provided for societal problems. Diversity at NIH brought about increased relative proportion of both racial and ethnic minorities in the America’s population. Additionally, analysts project that, by 2020, almost 40 percent of United States’ population will be minorities. Therefore, NIH finds it crucial to recruit people of divergent backgrounds and ethnicities who are necessary for researching on the nervous system since it draws a wide range of expertise that ranges from multiple scientific and academe disciplines. While in the same line of research, diversi ty also provides expertise vital for computation and engineering of collected data as well as molecular, cell, and biological systems expertise that are essential in analysis of social science and clinical medicine. Diversity makes it possible and easier for bringing these experts essential for seeking to understand and ameliorate the main burdens associated with neurological diseases. With reference to NIH

Humanities Today Paper Essay Example for Free

Humanities Today Paper Essay Although culturally speaking we all find aspects in society to what we all find what is acceptable and what is not. The following are some of the examples that humanity relates expression to society. Art and music are a very difficult to separate since they are one in the same. Since the dawn of time artistic expressions and music have gone hand in hand. Jimi Hendrix’s â€Å"Purple Haze† poses as the perfect eclectic model of what it means to relate ideas and art form into sight and sound. †Purple haze and I don’t know why excuse me while I kiss the sky! (The Jimi Hendrix Experience). So there is a part of history that does mirrors itself when I hear Chuck Berry as â€Å"Johnny B. Good†. Even today on the political trail one would hear rock music in the background as a theme in the campaign. Architecture in humanities places all sorts of symbols, icons, emblems, murals, fixtures, memorials, statues, etc. Representing association and image usually indicates faith and or affiliation to and with a group. . â€Å"The ancient Greeks concluded that geometry is inherent to the design of the universe. The chambered nautilus shell is the most popular example of the Golden Ratio, with its spiral constructed based on phi, the universal mathematical proportion†(Exploring the Geometric Design of the Universe. )Share Guide, Jan/Feb2008 Issue 95, p16-17, 2p. This can be compared to the mascot of any given high school or college around the world. Philosophy related to humanities often takes part as a point of view or a doctrine. Politicians enjoy doing this when they embellish their own points of view especially when election time draws closer. It takes a keen sense and ability to decipher distorted words and meanings to find out the truth and principles to what they truly represent. Touching on the realms of fact and truth can also be displayed by the public school systems. Although the complete truth is not often taught there some truths to what a basic understanding and knowledge are given. This too is a form of philosophy however vague it may seem. Literature is the perfect way that humanity is fused together. William Shakespeare to Deepak Chopra and the periods in between are crucial as well. Kurt Cobain I’m sure can find some type of common ground with Edgar Allan Poe. Its not just the fact that literature has some kind of relation to the writers more than the embodiment, the meat, and purpose of the drive. It coveys emotion on many different levels. Humanities give the human race the upper hand in the world today as we often overlook the fact that our resources are unlimited and at our disposal. We are able to email, text, im, fax, each other in seconds flat and yet at the same time represent the companies that provide these services as a career. Technology is a venue that allows us to share culture, religion, philosophy, communication, on a personal and professional level. Mass media is a big part of what and how people with disadvantages sometimes rely upon. The most important key in this entire infrastructure are the people that make it all happen. So as long as we take care of each other which is virtually not totally impossible to do, we can continue to make ourselves marketable. After all where would we be without one another? We can feel safe knowing that we depend on each other for relating ideas and thoughts. Its nothing that a power point presentation can ever teach or instruct. Because after all is said and done, we are the ones who put the human in humanity and the sanity in insanity.

Psychodynamic Theory :: Psychology, Freud

The theory our learning team is studying is the psychodynamic approach or what is sometimes called psychoanalytic approach. The main contributors to Psychodynamic approaches was the founder Sigmund Freud (1859-1939), Anna Freud (1895-1982) gave significant contribution to the psychodynamics of adolescence and Erik Erickson (1902-1994) called the â€Å"new† Freud but with an emphasis on ego (conscious) forces, termed as psychosocial theory (Craig & Dunn, p 11-13). Psychodynamics is the explanation or interpretation (as of behavior or mental states) in terms of mental or emotional forces or processes (www.merriam-webster.com) Through case study, the psychodynamic approach was developed by Sigmund Freud. Freud visited Charcot’s, a laboratory in Paris investigating people suffering from hysteria. There, Freud began patient case studies (Crain, p. 254). Freud developed 5 stages of human development known as the Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital stages. The Oral stage is from the ages of birth to 18 months. This stage engages in oral activities such as sucking. Next the Anal stage begins around age 18 months to 3 years of age. Freud suggests that during the Anal stage a child focuses on the pleasure of purging from the rectal area. The Phallic stages, none as the masturbation stage, when a child get’s pleasure from focusing on his genital areas usually happens during ages 3 years to 6 years of age. After the Phallic stage come the Latency stages. Latency is when children at the ages of 6 to 12 years old work to develop cognitive and interpersonal skills suppressing sexual interests but th ose 12 years and older fall into the Genital stages. During the Genital stage those suppressed sexual interests re-occur and the need to find gratification dependent on finding a partner (Craig & Dunn, p 12) In addition to Freud’s stages of development his best-known concepts are those of the id, ego, and superego (Crain, p. 268). The id personality called ‘the unconscious† is the personality that focuses on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain through reflexes and drives such as hunger or bladder tensions (Crain, pp. 268-269). The id concept is impulsive, chaotic and unrealistic. Although the id stage stands for â€Å"the untamed passions† it is balanced out by â€Å"reason and good sense† called the ego (Crain, p. 270). The ego evaluates situations comparing them to what has happened in the past and make realistic changes planning for the future. This is what is called â€Å"secondary process thinking†. Ego considers the possibilities of the act in question giving the opportunity to make safe and sound choices.

Culture

This paper will discourse research about civilization and multicultural instruction. Let us foremost define civilization. Culture is the entirety of socially transmitted behaviour forms, humanistic disciplines, beliefs, establishments, and all other merchandises of human work and idea. It is besides those forms, traits, and merchandises considered as the look of a peculiar period, category, community, or population. It is besides those forms, traits, and merchandises considered with regard to a peculiar class, such as a field, capable, or manner of look. Finally, it is the ruling attitudes and behaviour that characterize the operation of a group or organisation. Now let us specify multicultural instruction. Multicultural instruction is a set of schemes and stuffs in U.S. instruction that were developed to help instructors to advance democracy while reacting to the many issues created by quickly altering demographics of their pupils. Now that we have defined both civilization and mult icultural instruction we will look at and explicate how multicultural instruction can turn to cultural differences and cultural prejudice in our educational system. The followers are some ways that multicultural instruction can turn to cultural differences and cultural prejudice in schools. Every pupil must hold equal chance to accomplish to their full potency. An illustration would be engineering. Some pupils have entree to computing machines at place but others may non. If the instructor assigns a undertaking that requires computing machine usage so the instructor needs to do clip in the schoolroom to let the pupils to utilize the computing machine. This allows each pupil to hold the same chance to win in this assigned undertaking. Every pupil must be prepared to take part in a multicultural schoolroom. Communication barriers can do this a hard undertaking for both the instructor and pupil. A manner to assist cover with this issue is to hold an interrupter in the category for those pupils who can non yet pass on in English. Teachers must be prepared to learn every single pupil, no affair how culturally similar or different they are. The instru ctor can make this by leting the pupils to convey in their ain experiences into schoolroom activities. Schools must be active participants in stoping bias of all types, foremost by stoping it in the school and so by bring forthing socially and critically active and cognizant pupils. This is done foremost by disposal taking the clip to learn the instructors about cultural tolerance and so by the instructors taking that cognition and learning their pupils cultural tolerance. Education must go pupil centered and inclusive of the voices and experiences of the pupils. Every pupil has experiences in their life that they need to be allowed to convey into the schoolroom and portion with their equals and instructors. This allows others to larn about another civilization and will assist pupils to be tolerant with each other. Educators, militants, and others must take a more active function in reviewing all educational patterns and how they affect the acquisition of all pupils which include: p roving methods, learning attacks, rating and appraisal, school psychological science and guidance, educational stuffs and text editions. It is critical that proving methods be done in a manner that makes all pupils equal. If that means a non-English speech production pupil takes a trial in their ain linguistic communication so that is what needs to be done. Appraisal should besides be done in a mode that is just for every pupil. Some pupils do good on standard type trials but others do non so their demands to be other signifiers of appraisal that shows the true cognition of what the pupil has achieved such as a portfolio or a group undertaking. These things are merely the tip of what can and should be implemented in a schoolroom to do it a successful multicultural acquisition environment. Thingss that instructors and pupils in a educational scene demand to watch out for are as follows. Teachers and pupils need to larn from generalisations about other civilizations, but non to utilize those generalisations to pigeonhole, compose off or oversimplify your thoughts about others. The best usage of a generalisation is to add it to your cognition so that you can break understand and appreciate other civilizations. The following thing is to pattern communicating. That ‘s the first regulation, because it ‘s in the making that we really acquire better at cross-cultural communicating. Besides, do non presume that there is one right manner to pass on. Different civilizations communicate in different ways and it is of import to larn how a civilization different from yours communicates. Keep oppugning your premises about the right manner to pass on. For illustration, think about your organic structure linguistic communication because positions that indicate receptivity in one civilization might bespeak aggressiveness in another. Make non presume that dislocations in communicating occur because other people are on the incorrect path. Search for ways to do the communicating work, instead than seeking for who should have the incrimination for the dislocation. Another thing to be careful to make is to listen actively and sympathetically. Try to set yourself in the others places, particularly when others perceptual experiences or thoughts are really different from your ain, you might necessitate to run at the border of your ain comfort zone. Besides, Respect others ‘ picks about whether to prosecute in communicating with you. Honor their sentiments about what is traveling on. When a struggle arises you need to halt, suspend judgement, and seek to look at the state of affairs as an foreigner. Besides, be prepared for a treatment of the yesteryear. Use this as an chance to develop an apprehension from the other ‘s point of position, instead t han acquiring defensive or impatient. Acknowledge historical events that have taken topographic point. Be unfastened to larning more about them. Honest recognition of the mistreatment and subjugation that have taken topographic point on the footing of cultural difference is critical for effectual communicating. Have an consciousness of current power instabilities and openness to hearing each other ‘s perceptual experiences of those instabilities is besides necessary for understanding each other and working together. Remember that cultural norms may non use to the behaviour of any peculiar person. We are all shaped by many factors such as our cultural background, our household, our instruction, and our personalities and we are more complicated than any cultural norm could propose. To recap what has been discussed in this paper we have learned the working definitions for both civilization and multicultural instruction. Then we discussed how multicultural instruction can turn to cultural differences and prejudice in an educational scene. We have besides learned what things should non be done in the schoolroom, because they would impede a successful multicultural instruction within the schoolroom scene.MentionsAvruch, Kevin and Peter Black. ( 1993 ) . Conflict Resolution in Intercultural Settings: Problems and Prospects, in Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application. New York: St. Martin ‘s Press. Nichols, Edwin J. ( November 10, 1976 ) . A presentation made to the World Psychiatric Association and Association of Psychiatrists in Nigeria.

Origins and Evolution of Ipe Essay

Origins and evolution of IPE and its relationship with International Relations, Comparative Politics and Economics International Political Economy can be defined as the study of how economics and politics influence each other in the global system; the interaction of those two aspects of the global society. IPE focuses how governmental policies affect the way economic resources are used and what are the consequences of those policies, especially economic consequences (welfare consequences). Although the terms â€Å"globalization† and IPE are relatively new, global political economy, as the study of interaction between politics and economics, has existed for more than a century. The first global economy took place during the nineteenth century when the British Empire was the center and hegemony of the global economy and trade. In a time when mercantilism was the dominant economic system, Britain made its economy more flexible and opened to the exterior; this first global economy was based on bilateral agreements that reduced tariffs and on a stable international monetary system (starting with the British abolition of Corn Laws and the British-French Cobden-Chevalier Treaty). The gold standard was also adopted by many nations as the fixed rate exchange. By these years, the first perspectives of international political economy were used to explain the situation and the future of the global economy: †¢ Liberalism: that encourages international economic interactions in order to enrich each of the involved countries. Individuals are the main actors ruling the economy and cooperation benefits all of them. †¢ Mercantilism: which argues that economic power is necessary to gain national power; it supports that the State is the most important actor in economics. †¢ Marxism: that divides the global economy in two groups: advanced countries that explode the poorest countries. However, the beginning of the twentieth century was characterized by multiple changes in the system. The First World War meant the collapsed of the British hegemony and the raise of the American power. Despite the collapsed of the global economy in 1929, the Great Depression, USA regained its economic power during and after the Second World War (period known as the Pax Americana). Since WWII was caused in part by the failure to reconstruct a stable global economy after WWI, United States, as the hegemonic power, worked in order to create international institutions to provide a more stable structure and integrated international economy. Therefore, developments after 1945 have increased the interactions between economies. In this post-war period, new international organizations were created: World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank have strongly shaped the international political economy and its study. Today, the understanding of their function is essential to the study of IPE; they are key focuses of the IPE. However, some argue that the IPE was not developed until the 60’s and 70’s, when the Pax Americana was declining. This was a period characterized political and social instability; economy was not as prosper as it used to be in the past and the Cold War was increasing the international tension between capital and communist blocs. Moreover, events such as the Oil Embargo in 1973 and the breakdown of the Bretton Woods monetary system are key factors that influenced the development of IPE. For these reason, the old theories were not able anymore to analyze and understand the global political and economic situation. Theories like the hegemonic stability, which argues the necessary existence of a hegemonic country which controls the global political economy, failed in their attempts to predict the future of the international system based on state-power explanations. USA hegemony has been collapsing since the 60’s; however, cooperation, interdependence and global trade since then have increased successfully. Today, the global economy is dominated not only by United States, but by Japan, Germany and France. Moreover, IPE today is facing the challenges of a more globalized political economy, where new actors have key roles in the function of the system, such as China and India. By examining the historic events of the international environment during the last centuries, we can notice how important the interaction is between economic and political factors in the global system. Economic tools, such as tariffs, clearly determine openness and global trade: the lowest the tariffs of states, the greater the openness of economies (periods from 1820 to 1879 and from 1946 to 1970). Those periods of open economies correspond to the raising of the British and American hegemony. On the other hand, we can notice how these economic interactions shape States’ foreign policies: normally, trade is concentrated within regions not only because of comparative advantage, but by political choices or dictates (Krasner, 29). Nowadays, globalization is creating a lot of controversy and disagreement about the future of our international system. While some emphasizes the benefits of a more interdependent and cooperative economy, others argue that globalization consequences are social inequalities and financial crisis. The challenge today is to decide whether the states should increase global trade or close their economies. Those political decisions are strongly influenced by social and public opinions; if individuals and other economic actors reject globalization, policies would be created to protect their national economies rather than maintaining the openness. History demonstrates how political actions of individual states clearly affect international trade and re lations; at the same time, those policies affect the behavior of economic actors in the international environment and foreign policy of other states. In a globalized world neither economic theories nor political theories alone can explain and predict the international system. IPE integrates both and is developing its theories to face the changes of the economies and politics of the globe. IPE has been forced to adopt new research methods and analytical tools to explain the new trends of the international arena. Today’s IPE theories have to include new units of analysis such as the role of international institutions and how policies affect particular groups. Today, we can differentiate between four IPE perspectives: international political (emphasizes the role of domestic policies), international economic (highlights global economic factors), domestic institutional (studies the role of the institutions of the state) and domestic societal (the role of sociopolitical actors). The most dominant approach today is the Open Economy Politics, which include new units of study such as the interest of particular groups, the role of institutions and the influence of one state’s decisions in other states’ behaviors. International Political Economy (IPE) is a â€Å"maturing interdiscipline† As we mentioned before, Political Economy, as the study of the interaction between economics and politics, is not new. However, during the past decades, changes in the global system have led to new and more developed studies, and IPE has emerged as new and renovated interdisciplinary field. IPE was born, as know it today, when scholars realized the importance to understand the simultaneous growth and conflict in international markets in the 60’s and 70’s. Since its birth, IPE has evolved and many different approaches have risen. On the one hand, the dependency theory was developed, which argues that the world is divided in a periphery (the poore st countries) that is dominated by the core (the most developed countries). On the other, the hegemonic stability theory was also created, which supports that the existence of a hegemonic power is necessary in other to control and stabilize a global economy. Another approach to IPE also emphasizes the importance of interest groups in trade policies. As we can notice, new perspectives and situations lead to different approaches. Today, the dominant approach is the Open Economy Politics (OEP), which incorporates new and more explicit variables to the study of the international political economy. OEP focuses in how individual or groups are affected by particular policies, how institutions aggregate conflicting societal interests and rule the political game, and how states negotiate when necessary to influence one another’s behavior. Therefore, we can see how IPE has grown and improved in the last decades to adjust their methods to changes in the global system. New tools and research methods have undoubtedly improved IPE outcomes. However, David Lake argues that it is not perfect, and there is a lot to improve. †For the same reasons that substantial intellectual progress has occurred in the past, I remain optimistic about the future of this emerging interdiscilpline† (Lake 2004) In conclusion, as long as the global political economy faces changes and new challenges, IPE has to adjust its methods in order to better explain international interactions and their influence in economy and politics. Although the IPE filed is rapidly developing nowadays, it can improve its theories. We also need to remember that globalization is changing our current system, and that even though IPE predicted this current era, it wasn’t as accurate as it could be. Many experts argue, for example, that globalization is increasing inequalities around the world and that more protectionist measures must be taken (Oatley p. 362). A better understanding and development of the IPE would help us understand and take decisions about our current economics and politics, and would help us predict the outcomes of those measures we take. As Jeffrey Frankel says, globalization is neither new nor very extensive; the same way IPE has been developing for years, it must keep emerging new theories and methods. IPE’s main contribution First of all, I want to emphasize that I do not consider IPE as a methodological approach, but a set of studies that attempt to explain international trade and politics; IPE is not a group of rules that countries and economies have to follow, but theories that help us explain the outcomes of our economic and political actions. Personally I do not think that any particular event or politic-economic decision is a direct outcome of IPE. Instead, what I think is that IPE is an essential social science that helps us to understand economic and institutional behavior in the international arena. IPE has showed us how politics and economics are not separate aspects of our society, but they are complementary and interdependent pieces of the international system. Although there is a lot to develop in the international political economy field, it has been able to predict outcomes of our political and economic decisions. Therefore, IPE does not directly tell us what policies we should apply, but show us the consequences of each one of them and help us to take decisions based on predictions. Also, IPE has showed us that our society is in continuous change; although there are many factors that are repeated throughout history, there are also new challenges that appear in each different period. The study of International Political Economy can better prepare us to face the new challenges of our society: the emerge of new powerful economies such as China and India and how their appearance will change international relations, the implications of the last global financial crisis, the roles of new social force and international institutions, and many others. Sources Oatley, Thomas. 2010. International Political Economy (4th Edition). New York: Longman. Frieden, Jeffry, David A. Lake, and Lawrence Broz, eds. 2009. International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth (5th Edition). New York: Longman. Lake, David. International Political Economy: A Maturing Interdiscipline. Diss. University of California, 2004. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.

Boots and Booty

Boots and Booty Boots and Booty Boots and Booty By Maeve Maddox The noun boot, meaning â€Å"a covering for the foot and lower part of the leg,† has been in the language since the early 14th century. The word existed in medieval Latin and entered English via French. The popularity of boots as footwear has never diminished, but our use of the word boot and similar forms doesn’t always pertain to the article of apparel. First let’s look at terms and expressions that do relate to footwear. bootleg: As a noun, bootleg is recorded in the 17th century with the meaning â€Å"the leg of a boot.† Nineteenth century American frontiersmen favored bootlegs as convenient places to carry knives and shooting irons. The term acquired its present associations with the illicit trading of liquor even before Prohibition became the law of the land in 1920; a handful of states outlawed alcoholic beverages earlier. For example, Kansas banned alcohol in 1881. A bootleg could conceal a small bottle of liquor. In current usage, bootleg denotes anything that is traded or trafficked illicitly: bootleg CDs, bootleg diamonds, bootleg babies, etc. As a verb, bootleg means â€Å"to traffic illicitly in liquor or anything else.† The verb bootleg is also an American football term meaning â€Å"to carry the ball deceptively.† bootstrap: as a noun, a bootstrap is a loop attached to the top of a boot to help the wearer pull on the boot. I’ve written about the figurative meanings of bootstrap here. boot camp: This is a term for U.S. Marine and Navy recruit training. The term boot as slang for recruit may date from the Spanish-American War. U.S. sailors wore leggings called boots and the term transferred to the sailors themselves. By extension, boot camp is now also used for any training camp or program that resembles boot camp by requiring rigorous training. The term can also refer specifically to a facility or program for juvenile offenders who are forced to follow a rigidly structured routine of drill and discipline. bootlicker: A cringing, favor-seeking toady is called a bootlicker: a person who would do any demeaning thing to please and flatter a person in power. You can find more terms for subservient people here. jackboot: a type of large, strong cavalry boot popular in the 17th and 18th centuries was called a jackboot; later it was worn by German military and paramilitary units during the Nazi regime. Even before its association with the Nazis, the term had acquired the connotation of military oppression. boot: As a verb, â€Å"to boot† can mean â€Å"to kick,† as in â€Å"They booted out the old superintendent and hired a new one.† As a verb in the context of computer use, boot derives from bootstrap. to boot: We still use the expression â€Å"to boot† with the meaning â€Å"in addition† or â€Å"as a bonus†: The guy’s a chronic complainer and a tightwad to boot. The most patient and behaved dog in the world (and she’s Irish to boot). We offer inexpensive prices for our AC and heating units and we will throw in a free thermostat to boot! The expression â€Å"to boot† comes from an obsolete noun boot, meaning â€Å"good, profit, advantage.† The related verb boot meant â€Å"to make better, to remedy.† You may have encountered the verb boot in Shakespeare: It shall scarce boot me To say â€Å"Not guilty.† Hermione, A Winter’s Tale, III.ii.24. booty: As a noun meaning â€Å"plunder, gain, profit,† booty comes from an Old French word, butin. As a noun meaning â€Å"a woman’s body (or a part thereof) as a sex object,† booty originated as 1920s black slang, possibly an alteration of another slang word, botty, meaning bottom or buttocks. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical WordsThe Difference Between "will" and "shall"Prepositions to Die With

American Civil War Weapons, Tactics, and Battalions

American Civil War Weapons, Tactics, and Battalions During the American Civil War there were many battalions, some that changed the outcome of the war. Each battalion used different weapons depending on location. Some battalions had different tactics during battles. Certain battalions are famous for what they have done. These were major to battalions and made up their name in history. Weapons used by battalions could change the outcome of a battle depending on the type of battalions that are participating in the fight. The weapons changed the range and radius of a battle and the better a weapon is the more a soldier could do with it. Tactics used by battalions differ depending on the type of battalion. The many different tactics made attacking a base not very predictable, they didnt know if they were walking into a firing squad or an artillery strike. And with support battalions like medical or logistics supplies and aid wasn’t terrible for its time. Some battalions even changed the outcome of the war. These battalions either weakened forts or cleared way for the others to push.. These were major to battalions and made up their name in history. They showed fighting style that has helped us improved in the future and gave other battalion that national pride that made a soldier want to fight to the best of his ability. This is the impact of weapons and tactics during the American Civil War. Weapons Used by BattalionsInfantry battalions mostly used rifled muskets during the American Civil War. Rifled muskets were given to every infantry soldier. These rifles shot minie balls. Another type of bullet is the .69 bullet, however they were more uncommon because the 1842 muskets were not manufactured as much. The barrels were 40 inches long giving them a good ranged (Civil War, John Stanchak).Officers were given a colt revolver and sabre sword. The revolvers varied but most of the the revolvers shoot .49 bullets. They were more effective in close quarters combat because of how fast they can switch between shots but the range was not like rifles. (Weapons and Tactics of the American Civil War)2. Example #2 Cavalry and artillery battalions used different weapons then the infantry battalions.a. Calvary used carbine rifles. b. Artillery used cannons and mortars.Weapons could have been a huge impact in certain battles. Having nes that could shoot multiple shots to having cannons th at explode cut out a huge number of wounded soldiers on the field. Tactics Used By Battalions Example #1 Front Linesa. Infantry, front lines most the time with no strategy but to wait until night or rush their enemies.b. Artillery, explosive experts. Used mortars and cannons. They also mounted cannons to trains for drive by mobile artillery. Example #2 Supportc. Calvary, supporting line. Came in after main forces. Had horses with swords and carbine rifles.d. Medics and logistics, Were not involved in the battle most the time. Logistics would deliver supplies like ammo. Medics would do their best to get people who were hurt out the fight and healed up. These were the most common tactics used during the American Civil War. Famous Battalions Example #1 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantrya. History Captain Robert Shaw gets promoted to colonel of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. Thomas Searles is the first volunteer for the battalion. The battalion becomes an almost all black battalion made up of mostly ex slaves. The Confederacy wants them to be put back on slavery. After the 54th completes training, they get transferred under the command of General Charles Harker Battles1. Olustee, Fort wagner (Glory) People found the battalion to be useless and still had rough feelings against them.c. Legacy, after the battle of fort wagner, the colored people who fought were given their equal pay. (Glory)The last battle this battalion served in. Almost won the battle but due to cannons they lost while besieging the fort.*(since this reason is best, a 3rd example to support is necessary) The Greatest Brigadea. History The brigade originally consisted of the 63rd New York Infantry, the 69th New York Infantry, and the 88th New York Infantry. Battle First Battle of Bull Run, c. Legacy1. Compare / Contrast both3. Example #3 The 16th Connecticuts Civil Wara. History The 16th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry was unprepared for battle a month later, when it entered the fight at Antietam. The results were catastrophic: nearly a quarter of the men were killed or wounded, and Connecticut’s 16th panicked and fled the field. In the years that followed, the regiment participated in minor skirmishes before surrendering en masse in North Carolina in 1864. Most of its members spent months in southern prison camps, including the notorious Andersonville stockade, where disease and starvation took the lives of over one hundred members of the unit. Battle Antietamc Legacy Over time, competing stories emerged of who they were, why they endured what they did, and how they should be remembered. By the end of the century, their collective recollections reshaped this troubling and traumatic past, and the â€Å"unfortunate regiment† emerged as the Brave Sixteenth,† their individual memories and accounts altered to fit the more heroic contours of the Union victory.*(This example should be your most convincing example to this point â€Å"Sealing the Deal† for your reader. A fair evaluation of the â€Å"other side of the issue† may also be appropriate here; however, your stand needs to be made most clearly!)CCS (Conclude your thoughts concerning your third and final reason.)V. These were what battalions were like during the Civil War. A. Weapons varied in different type of battalion during the Civil War. B. Different battalions used different tactics during the Civil War. C. â€Å"Revisit the nature† of your third reason (Do Not Repeat)CCS: During the American Civil war many battalion have been whipped out or disbanded because of casualties. This is most likely because of the extreme weapons and ruthless tactics used.

Infection Control Practice in Saudi Arabia Assignment

Infection Control Practice in Saudi Arabia - Assignment Example tive in the modern times that every measure should be taken to reduce the spread of communicable disease which has of late increased the morbidity and mortality rate in Saudi Arabia. Sadly or perhaps even disappointing, the Saudi Arabian Commission of Health Specialty does not request any specific tests of any nature for infection control prior to the renewal of nursing license. This is in light of even the presence of the most lethal and dreadful virus Ebola virus scare in the modern times. While Ebola scare should not only be the cause for having infection prevention and control test (Krisberg, 2013) there are many other benefit that comes with well-educated and trained medical personnel in line of infection prevention and control. This are benefits that are proven scientifically and there is every rationale that the hospitals in Saudi Arabia should adopt measure of identifying the proficiency in infection prevention and control among its member. This can provide information for training need for the nurse on the very line. According to Krisberg (2013) he assert that it is not only important to request Infection Control Test as a prerequisite to renew nursing license in Saudi Arabia, it is imperative also for its benefit across the divide. The benefits touches both on the care givers of the patients and the patients. Proficiency of infection prevention and control is also very beneficial to the government since it reduces the cost of government in caring for the morbidity that is as result of poor measures of infection and control of diseases in the hospital. There are several empirical research that remain as prove that the test could revolutionize the infection prevention and control and henceforth reduce the preventable infection in Saudi Arabia. Despite the resounding empirical research indicating that improved infection prevention and control is very important, the recently released research report of Saudi Arabian practice on infection prevention and

Business and marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business and marketing - Case Study Example She carried out her research, came up with figures and statistics; on the strength of these, wrote a memo proposing that the vendors change their selling patterns. However, they mostly responded in a negative way and telling her, she does not understand their market while others did not even bother and her plan failed. Three months later she is told to redo the plan again taking to account the errors in the previous implementation, if is deemed feasible, she will be asked to implement it. This paper will examine why her first attempt flopped and how she must craft her second attempt if she hopes to sell her ideas successfully to the venders and implement her plan in the long run. Reasons of her failure can be attributed to several factors the most obvious one being the fact that she carried out most of her research and ignored or assumed the opinion and views of the ideas direct consumers who would benefit from its implementation. She gave little effort to boost awareness for her ideas, she worked alone and did not try to popularize or educate the field agents of the plans she had for them. By working exclusively, she locked out her beneficiaries from the planning session of the plans. She should have told them how they not only needed to change from small to big accounts but also how they should implement the change. While the logic behind her ideas is clear, she did not tell them which methods should be used to mediate the process and how they should vary their sales techniques to achieve her goal. Taking to account that every single of the agents has a unique marketing technique adapted to their individual tendencies and market situations, her memo was mostly too uniform to be practical. She assumed that everyone had small clients for the same reasons and they would get uniform benefits from making the shift. This explains why most of

Human Genetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Genetics - Essay Example Conducting methodical investigations in human genetics would therefore help scientists or researchers understand how diseases are caused, how they spread, and subsequently form the foundation for the creation of new drugs to treat various medical conditions. There are many reasons why this topic is worth my research. In the contemporary world, the human race has been faced by many health problems many of which have no cure. For instance, there are no known cures for diseases such as HIV/AIDS and chronic cancers. Conducting more research in the field of human genetics can help understand these diseases more and therefore help in the development of new drugs to cure them. My current comprehension on this topic include basic concepts on heredity particularly how genes are passed from one generation to another. In addition, I have an understanding of the human DNA and its importance in genetic research. Since there has been a lot of advancement in the field of human genetics, one of the issues this research would focus on include the contributions of modern technology in genetic research, and the degree of genetic differences in human beings, as well its significance. Subsequently, how genetics cause ill health among individuals would also be discussed in the research. Australian Law Reform Commission. The Regulation of Human Genetic Research: The Importance of Human Genetic Research. n.d. Web. 22 April. 2014.

Culture Impact On International Business

Culture Impact On International Business Whereas traditional International Business research has been concerned with economic/legal issues and organizational forms and structures, the importance of culture has become increasingly important in the last two decades, largely as a result of the classic work of Hofstede (1980). Culture has been shown to impact on International Business, especially on the aspect of group performance (Gibson, 1999). This paper mainly analyzes the impact of culture on International Business. And in order to analysis it well, firstly we will talk about the definition, levels and Hofstedes theory of culture in the section 2. Then in section 3, we discuss the adverse and beneficial impact on International Business respectively in detail. Section 4 concludes. What is culture? Terpstra and David (1991, p.6) defined culture as , a learned, shared, compelling, interrelated set of symbols whose meanings provide a set of orientations for members of a society. And the aspects of culture include value and beliefs, communication, norms of behavior, customs and art, music, dance, sport (Morrison, 2006, p.169). It is essential for us to obtain the knowledge of culture because we communicate with each other through language; anticipate how business partners and customers are likely to respond; distinguish between what is considered right or wrong, acceptable or offensive and identify with other managers, provide knowledge to meet and negotiate with them. There are at least three levels of culture: National culture Nations are distinguishable from each other by a shared cultural history, such as language, religion, ethnic or racial identity. Together, these distinguishing characteristics blend into a national culture, which influences family life, education, organizational culture and economic and political structures (Morrison, 2006, p.172). Organizational or corporate culture Morrison (2006, p.195) indicated that the characteristics of organizational culture include: Common language and shared terminology; Norms of behavior, such as relations between management and employees; Preferences for formal or informal means of communication within the company and with associated companies; Dominant values of the organization, such as high product quality and customer orientation; Degree of empowerment of employees throughout the organization; and Systems of rules that specify dos and donts of employee behavior. Professional culture Professional cultures form as people, who span individual organizations, share a set of norms, values and beliefs related to their occupation (Van Maanen and Barley, 1984; Jordan, 1990; Trice and Beyer, 1993) Morrison (2006, p.191-192) mentioned that differences in national values and attitudes have been the subject of considerable research. Hofstede (1994) has developed a theory to categorize and quantify cultural differences between nations, which allowing us to compare national cultures. The cultural dimensions are: Power distance: the extent to which members of society accept the unequal distribution of power inside organizations. Uncertainty avoidance: how members of a society cope with the uncertainties of everyday life. Individualism: the extent to which individuals perceive themselves as independent and autonomous beings (as opposed to collectivism, in which people see themselves as integrated into ingroups). Masculinity: the degree to which people prefer values of success/competition over modesty/concern for others (as opposed to femininity, which denotes sensitivity, caring and an emphasis on quality of life). Long-term vs. short-term orientation: peoples time perspectives in their daily lives. How does culture impact on International Business? International business refers to business activities that straddle two or more countries (Morrison, 2006, p.5). As the rapid growth of globalization, more and more international business such as Joint Venture have emerged and developed fast. Therefore, it is very essential to talk about the elements which influence the international business. And one of the crucial elements will be analyzed in this paper is culture. As discussed above, cultures are different from countries to countries. For international business, grasping the cultural differences between the global and the local is the key to build long-term relationship and obtain success. For example, in Asian cultures, doing business is not confined merely to working hours, but blends into social occasions such as meals together, where bonds of trust are built and where sensitivity to cultural values and norms can be critical (Morrison, 2006, p.169). The other example is in joint ventures, the need for cooperation and trust between partners is the key to long-term success. Blending the culture of different locations into a distinctive corporate culture can strengthen the sense of corporate identity, but poses considerable challenges for international managers. The global merger-between countries of different national cultures-is an illustration of the difficulties that can arise when strong national cultures clash (Morrison, 2006, p.195-196) In each case, achieving a successful outcome, in both the initial agreement and the long-term business relationship, will depend on sensitivity to differences in languages, value systems and norms of behavior between themselves and their hosts. In short, being attuned to cultural differences can directly affect the success or failure of the project (Morrison, 2006, p.168). Pothukuchi et al.s (2002) findings suggest that cultural differences stemming from national, organizational and professional cultures have influence on international alliance performance. Li, Lam and Qian (2001) also pointed out that national culture can influence managerial decision-making, leadership style and human resource management practices and all these factors influence a firms performance in acquiring and deploying resources (Puffer, 1993; House, Hanges, et al. 1999). The adverse effect of culture in International Business Sirmon and Lane (2004) explained that the influence of national culture is strong and long lasting. For example, Hofstede (1991) found that national culture explains 50% of the differences in managers attitudes, beliefs, and values. Thus, national culture differences between alliance partners can challenge the development of successful relationships. Park and Ungson (1997) supplemented that these challenges result partially from the lack of shared norms or values and this lack of common understanding may undermine the partners interpretation of each others strategic intent, which is crucial in global markets and partnerships (Hitt et al., 1995). Further, a lack of shared norms and values may reduce effective communication (Rao and Schmidt, 1998), trust (Aulakh et al., 1996; Doney et al., 1998) and knowledge sharing in joint ventures (Parkhe, 1991; Mohr and Spekman, 1994; Lyles and Salk, 1996). These problems, in turn, have been found to lead to lower alliance performance (Lane et al. , 2001). Whats more, differences in national culture can disrupt collaboration and learning between alliance partners (Lane and Beamish, 1990; Parkhe, 1991; Lyles and Salk, 1996; Hennart and Zeng, 2002). Sirmon and Lane (2004) explained this opinion in detail as following: an international alliances performance is driven by the alliances effectiveness in achieving its primary value-creating activities. Resource complementarity between alliance partners is often a necessary condition to optimize this value creation (Harrison et al., 2001). However, in order to share, combine and leverage complementary resources, the partners employees must interact effectively. And the cultural differences inhibit international alliance partners employees ability to interact effectively. Not only that national culture differences between alliance partners can challenge the development of successful relationships and the achievement of effectiveness in the alliances primary value-creating activities, but also the organizational culture differences can. Whereas national culture relates primarily to deep-seated values, organizational culture relates primarily to shared beliefs in organizational practices and processes (Hofstede et al., 1990). Sirmon and Lane (2004) found that organizational culture is important to the success of mergers and acquisitions. Weber et al. (1996) found that dissimilar organizational cultures between acquirer and target decreased top managers cooperation and increased negative attitudes toward the merger. Generally, similarity of partners organizational culture increases partner learning, satisfaction and effectiveness of interactions, whereas differences in organizational culture decrease these positive outcomes. In short, decreased learning, satisfaction and effectiveness of interactions impede the business processes used to share combine and leverage resources such as knowledge, relationships and physical assets. Thus partners with dissimilar organizational cultures will be less likely to effectively achieve the alliances primary value-creating activities. Research suggested that national and organizational culture differences between the employees of international companies affect their interactions, but Sirmon and Lane (2004) expanded the consideration of cultural differences to include professional culture differences. They stated that professional culture differences are often the most relevant and salient cultural differences that the interacting employees face, and thus professional culture differences are the most disruptive to the alliances effectiveness in achieving its primary value-creating activities. Professional cultures develop through the socialization that individuals receive during their occupational education and training (Van Maanen and Barley, 1984; Jordan, 1990) This initial socialization is then reinforced through their professional experiences and interactions that lead to a broad understanding of how their occupation should be conducted (Brown and Duguid, 1991; Lave and Wenger, 1991). Sirmon and Lane (2004) stated that it is disappointing when international alliance partners require employees from different professional cultures to interface in the primary value-creating activity of the alliance. The reason is because these employees lack a common basis from which to interact effectively due to their distinct occupational socialization and resulting professional cultures. First, individuals from separate professional cultures lack a shared set of basic knowledge because their occupational socialization involved different content material, which is reinforced by different professional experiences. Second, these individuals often lack experience communicating with an auditing audience outside their professional culture. Thus communication between individuals from separate professional cultures is impaired. Both of these factors impede the finding of common ground from which the relationship can develop and produce value (Lane and Lubatkin, 1998). In such cases, the development of basic routines is required to help establish a base of shared knowledge in order to communicate adequately. Developing such routines requires time, which leads to increased expenses and could lead to increased frustration (Park and Ungson, 1997). Even if these two obstacles can be adequately overcome, individuals from different professional cultures may still have deeply ingrained preferences in their approach to solving problems (Brown and Duguid, 1991; Lave and Wenger, 1991). These differences may be difficult to overcome, as the employees may reflect the not-invented-here syndrome, which is the resistance to the utilization of knowledge created elsewhere (Michailova and Husted, 2003). Further, attempts to compromise in the approach taken in problem-solving is likely to lead to less desirable outcomes. For example, if a compromise is reached, and members from both professional cultures abandon their preferred problem-solving approach, both effectively eliminate a significant amount of their valuable tacit knowledge. Likewise, if either member abandons their preferred problem-solving approach, the alliance has effectively lost the expertise of one half of its contributing members. The challenges discussed above inhibit the effective interaction of individuals from different professional cultures within an international alliance. This then decreases the likelihood that the alliances pooled complementary resources will be shared, combined and leveraged in a manner that effectively achieves the alliances primary value-creating activities. In one noteworthy study, Barkema and Vermeulen (1997) examined the influence of differences in partners national cultures on international alliance performance using Hofstedes (1980, 1991) dimensions of national culture. They found that partner differences in two of the dimensions (uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation) had a strong negative relationship with the survival of the collaboration over several different periods. However, the other three dimensions of national culture (individualism, power distance, masculinity) did not. Differences in uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation could represent differences in how partners perceive and adapt to opportunities and threats in their environment (Schneider, 1991; Schneider and De Meyer, 1991), and thus may be more difficult to resolve than differences along the other three dimensions, which represent attitudes towards personnel. In conclusion, cultural differences have adverse impact on the performance of international business. The beneficial effect of culture in International Business Sirmon and Lane (2004) stated that other evidence suggests that differences in national culture can be beneficial. Because managers tend to be more aware of the potential challenges when working with foreign partners, they may be more willing to spend effort on avoiding misunderstandings in international alliances than they would in domestic alliances (Very et al., 1996). In such cases, differences in national culture can lead to high-level communication and a more sustained collaboration (Shenkar and Zeira, 1992; Park and Ungson, 1997). Thus, in some cases, increased national culture differences can lead to higher international alliance performance (Morosini et al., 1998). In addition, societal culture per se may also be seen as part of a firms resources, leading to a competitive advantage (Porter, 1991; Dunning and Bansal, 1997). Porter (1991) pointed out that the competitive advantage of firms could be derived from the greater commitment. Dunning and Bansal (1997) further suggested that this greater commitment might well be based on cultural values observed in some countries, and not in others. For example, many individualistic cultures, such as US, may have an advantage in technological assets, whilst many collectivistic cultures, such as Japan, may benefit from the ways in which they organize their workforce and establish relations between contractors, suppliers and joint venture partners (Dunning and Bansal, 1997). With their different competitive advantages, firms may adopt different strategies. If manager of these firms adopt appropriate strategies by making use of the competitive advantages derived from cultural values, these firms may achieve great success. There is another example exhibit the beneficial effect on the International Business. According to Hofstedes dimensions of national culture Li, Lam and Qian (2001) stated that, long-term orientation means focusing on the future. With this long-term orientation, people in East Asia such as China are more likely to emphasize education and training, and practice persistence, thriftiness and the delay of immediate gratification. Wuhan City, which is known as Chicago in China contacted New World, a major Hong Kong developer, to negotiate a loan to complete an airport-linking expressway project. Focusing on building a long-term relationship with Wuhan City, New World soon agreed to provide the loan without discussing details traditionally seen in western-style negotiations. According to Cheng (1997), an impassioned plea for help from Wuhans public work chief, Zhang Ke Xiao, led to a handshake gamble without sight of a feasibility study or a contract. (p.30). With this relationship-oriented negotiation, New World set up good ties with the government in Wuhan City and other Chinese cities. These relationships proved very helpful during later negotiations in China. In fact, many overseas Chinese firms adopt a similar approach. Tung (1982) has also observed this long-term perspective, claiming that the Chinese have a different concept of time, as compared to that of the Western world, they are interested in building the basis for long-term relationships. Essentially, this means that once a foreign firm has gained their trust and has demonstrated its goodwill and willingness to lend assistance to the country, the Chinese will try to reciprocate in kind, whenever possible. (p. 30) In conclusion, cultural differences also have beneficial impact on the performance of international business. Conclusion This paper analyzes how culture impact on the International Business. It turns out that culture has either adverse or beneficial effect on the International Business performance. On the adverse aspect of culture, Sirmon and Lane (2004) indicated that national culture differences between alliance partners can challenge the development of successful relationships. Further, a lack of shared norms and values may reduce effective communication (Rao and Schmidt, 1998), trust (Aulakh et al., 1996; Doney et al., 1998) and knowledge sharing in joint ventures (Parkhe, 1991; Mohr and Spekman, 1994; Lyles and Salk, 1996). These problems, in turn, have been found to lead to lower alliance performance (Lane et al., 2001). Whats more, Weber et al. (1996) found that dissimilar organizational cultures between acquirer and target decreased top managers cooperation and increased negative attitudes toward the merger. Sirmon and Lane (2004) expanded the consideration of professional culture differences, which are often the most relevant and salient cultural differences that the interacting employees face. And it is disappointing when international alliance partners require employees from different professional cultures to interface in the primary value-creating activity of the alliance. The reason is because these employees lack a common basis from which to interact effectively due to their distinct occupational socialization and resulting professional cultures. On the beneficial aspect of culture, managers may be more willing to spend effort on avoiding misunderstandings in international alliances than they would in domestic alliances. In such cases, differences in national culture can lead to high-level communication and a more sustained collaboration (Shenkar and Zeira, 1992; Park and Ungson, 1997). In addition, Porter (1991) pointed out that the competitive advantage of firms could be derived from the greater commitment based on cultural values observed in some countries, and not in others. For example, the long-term orientation in China leads to a helpful long-term relationship between international businesses.