Why girls like pink color free essay sample

Generally it is believed that girls like pink color and boys prefer blue color over others. But if one closely examines this concept (or misconception!), one realizes that it is not true. It is not that girls are genetically programmed to like pink. Then why this mass belief that girls like pink? Actually all this is a market gimmick which has been so strongly reinforced on our mindsets through aggressive marketing of products that we have begun to belief that girls like pink and boys like blue. Think of the instances, when your friends and family members began to decorate the room of the baby girl in pink colors the moments she was born. Her cupboard was full of pink clothes and even her toiletries came packed in pink color. The poor girl actually stepped in a world where it was customized in a way that she was left with no choice but pink color. We will write a custom essay sample on Why girls like pink color or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Obviously she was made to believe that pink color symbolizes femininity, sophistication and beauty and being a girl she should be attributed with all these traits. Such stereotyping and conditioning makes girls believe that they have to like pink color. A recent research conducted by Time magazine shows that girls do not like pink color instinctively. The research rather suggested that all people irrespective of their gender like color blue. Of course the choice of shades varied among men and women. Women preferred more of reddish – purple shades of blue while boys preferred blue-green shades. The researchers have further mentioned that the difference in the choice of hues has their origin in gender specific tasks men and women have been doing since time immemorial. Men used to go out, hunt and earn bread for family while women used to go to jungle for hunting various fruits and vegetables for making meals of the family.

Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essays

Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essays Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essay Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essay 5.4.2 Study Question Two Are there significant implications of the perceptions created by the media about African American men on how African American men are treated by the police? The cases reviewed in the research report bring to the fore multiple instances of profiling of African American men based on the stereotype that if flaunted in the media particularly branding the Black man as violent, aggressive, and dangerous. Moreover, reporting on incidences of crime are centred more on populous African American neighbourhoods; hence, creating a perception of crime as a characteristic of conduct among African American people.Sentiments by Dixon (2000) advance that the traditional media, in particular, has made it a habit to headline news that involves criminal behaviour or occurrences where Black men are involved. Moreover, prominence is given to crime stories that revolve around the engagement of African American men that any other news features including politics or human interest issues. As such, the traditional media has over the years desensitised the audiences with regards to having a sense of humanity towards African Americans. Black men in particular are s uspected of ulterior motives at the slightest of suggestion that their demeanour alludes to criminality of some form. The result has been that police officers scavenge for African American criminals in their neighbourhoods with the intention of clamping down on criminal activities. However, the notion that all Black men are involved in criminal acts is misconstrued since African American men are stereotyped as to either deal in drug peddling or involves in armed robbery and gun violence. To answer the research question, yes indeed, African American portrayals in media especially traditional media where the negativity is magnified has had the impact of straining relations between African American men and law enforcement agencies that include police officers who are deployed in neighbourhoods where Black people live to maintain order and tranquillity. As such, police officers enter the neighbourhood under the thought or minds as presented in this paper include the case of Eric Garner and Michael Brown both of whom were huge in size while Tamir Rice appeared to have worn a hoodie attributes that were pointed out in news reports as appearing dangerous to law enforcement. 5.4.3 Research Question Three What are the far reaching implications of the stereotypes created by the media about African American men in their social lives? In answering this question, the study finds that stories of people like Freddie Gray are depictive of the everyday challenges that African American men have to endure owing to the criminal branding that people of colour have had to contend with. In a neighbourhood where the rate of incarcerations exceeds the average rate, many young Black men have a criminal record and; hence, have difficulty gaining formal employment or financial aid to further their education. Moreover, the law in many states locks people with criminal records out of the bracket of eligibility for credit lending by banks. As a consequence, the community has had to endure a viscous cycle of crime waves where the main premise of survival in their livelihoods depends on doing something that is illegal in the eyes of the law(Maneri Wal, 2005). Ultimately, generations of men in the majority African American communities have to struggle from meal to meal on a daily basis. Crime has ultimately become a debacle that Afric an American community members cannot seem to rid of due to the limited alternative opportunities that are available to them for exploitation. Hence, the far reaching consequences as associated with police brutality against African American males has been that African American males convicted of crimes are unable to engage in socioeconomic development for self-improvement. Hence, once an individual has a criminal record, they are unable to get a job or earn a decent living which only leaves them with the option of crime as the only resort to etching a livelihood. Years and centuries of racial profiling of African Americans has historically disenfranchised them from achieving means of self-development; hence, disadvantaging African-Americans who resort to unorthodox means to gain a status of equality with White Americans. 5.4.4 Research Question Four What are the factors that determine the angle or approach taken by either traditional or modern forms of media with respect to the portrayal of African American men in media? Based on the analysis of the research findings, the determinants of medias take on issues pertaining to African American mens presentations lies in historical and economic factors. First, history of Black people as thoroughly discussed in Chapter 2 of the research report reveals suffering from the age of slavery through to present day modern Jim Crow situation. As such, disenfranchisement of African Americans over the years has made it impossible for African Americans to exert influence especially in the running of media houses. In that regard, African Americans do not own majority share rights in the ownership of traditional media companies such as FOX News, The Washington Post, and The New York Times, among many others that primarily comprise the definition of Old Media. Consequently, the White dominated media houses serve interests of the majority White populous while neglecting the needs and rights of African American minorities. The resultant implication is the suffering of Afri can American men who are negatively portrayed in Old Media. The converse holds in the case of New Media. As such, New Media liberates minorities from gagging, censorship and editing that is rampant in White owned Conventional Medial outlets. As such, social media sites that include Facebook and Twitter that have been extensively investigated in this research report present avenues for self-expression that is devoid of White populist influence. To that extent, a more accurate representation of African American men in New Media is evident in comparison to the inaccuracies that are characteristic of representations in Old Media. Moreover, New Media platforms offer people personalised space where people can share their ideas freely. Before the advent of the internet and social media sites, information was sanctioned based on editing and censorship done by media houses. However, in the age of Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, civilians can use phone cameras to record happenings as they unfold and immediately upload the same on the internet for peopl e to view and make informed judgments on their own. Conspicuously, many of the cases covered in this research paper under Chapter 4s research results include instances where witnesses took recordings of the police actions of brutality as they unfolded. To that extent, the New Media is liberating in that it allows people to focus on what they find important which explains the success that #Black Lives Matter movement has managed to achieve in rallying people behind the cause using social media(Freelon, The Measure of a Movement: Quantifying Black Lives Matters Social Media Power, 2016). 5.4.5 Research Question Five What alternative progressive options exist in media towards shaping perceptions of African American males that would lead to an end of violent confrontation between police officers and African American suspects? The question on whether racism exists in the United States is one that at best is rhetorical. Equally, the question on whether police brutality is an issue in American society is also one that is obviously true. In that respect, the final research question seeks to answer the query on how far or to what extent does racism ad police brutality inform the fabric of American society. How can the tensions between African American males and predominantly White male police officers be addressed? More importantly, what solutions lie in the portrayal of African American men by the media in positive juxtapositions as opposed to the negative portrayals that persist? The solution to addressing the challenge that is racial profiling of African American males by White police officers lies in representation. More so, the representation of African American men by the media has a key role to play in changing the mind set of not only the police, but also White Americans and Black Americans at large as key components in the divide that is the debacle of police brutality.;;According to Okoronkwo (2008) the issue of racial profiling of Black people by White police officers has historical roots in the struggle for emancipation of Africans from the chains of slavery. As such, the king of racism where police officers use their power and privilege to discriminate justice against African Americans is a betrayal of their sworn oath to protect and serve all citizens without fear or favour regardless of the colour of their skin. Nonetheless, it is an undeniable fact that crime rates among American youth of African American race is skyrocketing, hence, the moral panic that is seen in the media especially traditional media is to some extent justified. However, the nature of exaggerated fear of African American males has with it escalated tensions and made the public or audiences warier and afraid of African American men.;;The sensational nature of traditional media reporting on African American crime has entrenched a belief among audiences that Black men are at the very least dangerous if not hard core criminals. The fear created by the media;s representation of African Americans has led to public perception of African American men as people who are violent and provocative to say the least. The ramifications of the study reveals that the media has to change the negative portrayals of Black men so as to prep the public in accepting African American men as human beings before making prejudgments that they are su spects of crime;(Okoronkwo, 2008). To that extent, law enforcement, the legislature, and the general public must work together with members of the media to churn the way forward as regards the portrayal of African American men. Responsible reporting in media should give African American men fair representation. Equally, and by extension, African American people must work towards changing the perceptions and stereotypes that are a popular notion and that negatively shape the thoughts of the American public about Black communities. All parties must; hence, get involved in championing different efforts or initiatives geared towards using the media as an avenue for positive representation of African American men. More so, African American men in crime thronged neighbourhoods should make decisive steps towards reform. Engaging young Black men in economic generating activities that provide them with a means to survival will give such people an alternative to criminal behaviour. In general, the media and the society both hav e a role to play, where the former must focus more on the positive aspects of Black American men while the latter means that African American men should abandon criminality so as to convince the public of positive stereotypes that are representative of African American men. ;

How to Brainstorm for NaNoWriMo Shaelins Top Tips

How to Brainstorm for NaNoWriMo Shaelins Top Tips How to Brainstorm for NaNoWriMo: Shaelin's Top Tips Shaelin Bishop is a writer, YouTuber, and a member of the team here at Reedsy. She’s also a veteran of the 30-day novel writing competition NaNoWriMo, having taken part in it for three years. In this lightly edited transcript of her video, she'll show you how to brainstorm for NaNoWriMo. Check out these #NaNoWriMo brainstorming tips from @shaelinbishop As a writer, there will be so many times when you might need to brainstorm. But specifically with NaNoWriMo approaching, there might be a few final things that you still have to work out in your book - things that might require some heavy-duty brainstorming sessions.We already have a video on how to get short story ideas. If you're trying to build an idea from scratch, you can check that out. Today is about brainstorming practices you can use to help you work through issues you're having, or develop the beginning of an idea.Tip 1: Treat brainstorming just like a writing sessionJust as you might block off time to write, cordon off your schedule to brainstorm and treat it as you would a drafting session. It's easy to rely on ideas that come in your head naturally as you're going about your day. That is how a lot of brainstorming happens, but it usually won't fulfill all your brainstorming need. Sometimes you'll hit a snag with your story and find that it's just not working naturally. You're going to have to sit through and work through it, so block off some time (even a few hours) to solve this problem.Just as you might have a daily word goal to reach when you sit down to draft your book, set goals for your brainstorming sessions. What problem do you want to solve when you're sitting down to brainstorm? Tip 2: Review and organize what you already haveA lot of the time, I find that just reading through all my notes will start to jog my mind and help me think of solutions without actively doing any brainstorming. So much fleshing-out of ideas happens for when I'm just reading through my notes. I realize something else I need to add - and then I see that there's something else I need to add. Suddenly, I've added so much more just by reading through my notes.If you have any questions, thoughts, or tips on brainstorming for a novel, please share them in the comments below.

Compare and contrast a peer-to-peer and client server networks Essay

Compare and contrast a peer-to-peer and client server networks - Essay Example Therefore, while using the client-server network, it remains customary to purchase a computer that would be used as a server. The server software’s cost is another disadvantage of the client-server network. In fact, establishment of the client-server networks sometimes proves so expensive that choosing this option seems like an uninformed decision. Nevertheless, the structure of the client-server network offers different kinds of powerful administrative tools that are specifically useful when security becomes an issue. On the other hand, peer-to-peer networks are cost effective to develop as there is no need of a high-end machine to serve as a server. Likewise, while using peer-to-peer networks, there is no need of special client licenses or server software. All that is required to efficiently use the peer-to-peer network comes with the Windows 95. Because of this affordability, peer-to-peer networks become quite suitable for use in small businesses or for the domestic users. However, security is sacrificed in the use of peer-to-peer network since the control of network lies in the hands of the end users, which makes it unsuitable for the high-security

Diversity at NIH Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diversity at NIH - Research Paper Example It will also seek to establish the results of diversity’s role in the general performance of the company. Diversity is a difference whereby people’s differences can be many and variable. In addition, diversity can refer to people’s commitment to recognize other’s ability and appreciate their unique characteristics within an environment that promotes and celebrates both personal and collective achievements within an organization. Factors determining diversity can from race to culture to religion and even marital status. NIH is the America’s National Institute of Health agency charged with the responsibility of carrying out research related to biomedical and health services. This agency is has two parts. The first one is the NIH Extramural Research Program that takes care of all biomedical research funding outside the agency. The other one is the NIH Intramural Research Program whose responsibility is to carry out internal research for NIH (Alving, 20 09). Many due to its synergistic approach towards biomedical research best know this agency. As elaborated, diversity strategy enables a company define its mission. NIH has a mission who vision is to envision a world where mental illnesses are preventable and curable. This can happen through transformation of understanding and treatment of mentally related illnesses via basic clinical researches that can easily pave way for prevention, cure, and recovery. According to NIH, United States of America has a remarkable diversity that presents the greatest strength that this country has compared to all other nations of the world. At NIH, people believe that workers’ varied backgrounds and experiences act as an extraordinary resource that has potential that can NIH realize only through full talent engagement. In addition, NIH points out that it can also realize benefits of diversity through intelligence and subsequent drive of its members regardless of their ethnicity, race, economi c, or cultural background (Rose & Cohrssen, 2010). Generally, there is need to engage diversity as a strategic measure of realizing NIH’s goals and objectives due to diversity’s ability to generate an integrated working environment aimed at achieving success. To begin with, NIH’s power of diversity as a strategic tool in achieving the company’s mission is highlighted by the solutions it provided for societal problems. Diversity at NIH brought about increased relative proportion of both racial and ethnic minorities in the America’s population. Additionally, analysts project that, by 2020, almost 40 percent of United States’ population will be minorities. Therefore, NIH finds it crucial to recruit people of divergent backgrounds and ethnicities who are necessary for researching on the nervous system since it draws a wide range of expertise that ranges from multiple scientific and academe disciplines. While in the same line of research, diversi ty also provides expertise vital for computation and engineering of collected data as well as molecular, cell, and biological systems expertise that are essential in analysis of social science and clinical medicine. Diversity makes it possible and easier for bringing these experts essential for seeking to understand and ameliorate the main burdens associated with neurological diseases. With reference to NIH

Humanities Today Paper Essay Example for Free

Humanities Today Paper Essay Although culturally speaking we all find aspects in society to what we all find what is acceptable and what is not. The following are some of the examples that humanity relates expression to society. Art and music are a very difficult to separate since they are one in the same. Since the dawn of time artistic expressions and music have gone hand in hand. Jimi Hendrix’s â€Å"Purple Haze† poses as the perfect eclectic model of what it means to relate ideas and art form into sight and sound. †Purple haze and I don’t know why excuse me while I kiss the sky! (The Jimi Hendrix Experience). So there is a part of history that does mirrors itself when I hear Chuck Berry as â€Å"Johnny B. Good†. Even today on the political trail one would hear rock music in the background as a theme in the campaign. Architecture in humanities places all sorts of symbols, icons, emblems, murals, fixtures, memorials, statues, etc. Representing association and image usually indicates faith and or affiliation to and with a group. . â€Å"The ancient Greeks concluded that geometry is inherent to the design of the universe. The chambered nautilus shell is the most popular example of the Golden Ratio, with its spiral constructed based on phi, the universal mathematical proportion†(Exploring the Geometric Design of the Universe. )Share Guide, Jan/Feb2008 Issue 95, p16-17, 2p. This can be compared to the mascot of any given high school or college around the world. Philosophy related to humanities often takes part as a point of view or a doctrine. Politicians enjoy doing this when they embellish their own points of view especially when election time draws closer. It takes a keen sense and ability to decipher distorted words and meanings to find out the truth and principles to what they truly represent. Touching on the realms of fact and truth can also be displayed by the public school systems. Although the complete truth is not often taught there some truths to what a basic understanding and knowledge are given. This too is a form of philosophy however vague it may seem. Literature is the perfect way that humanity is fused together. William Shakespeare to Deepak Chopra and the periods in between are crucial as well. Kurt Cobain I’m sure can find some type of common ground with Edgar Allan Poe. Its not just the fact that literature has some kind of relation to the writers more than the embodiment, the meat, and purpose of the drive. It coveys emotion on many different levels. Humanities give the human race the upper hand in the world today as we often overlook the fact that our resources are unlimited and at our disposal. We are able to email, text, im, fax, each other in seconds flat and yet at the same time represent the companies that provide these services as a career. Technology is a venue that allows us to share culture, religion, philosophy, communication, on a personal and professional level. Mass media is a big part of what and how people with disadvantages sometimes rely upon. The most important key in this entire infrastructure are the people that make it all happen. So as long as we take care of each other which is virtually not totally impossible to do, we can continue to make ourselves marketable. After all where would we be without one another? We can feel safe knowing that we depend on each other for relating ideas and thoughts. Its nothing that a power point presentation can ever teach or instruct. Because after all is said and done, we are the ones who put the human in humanity and the sanity in insanity.

Psychodynamic Theory :: Psychology, Freud

The theory our learning team is studying is the psychodynamic approach or what is sometimes called psychoanalytic approach. The main contributors to Psychodynamic approaches was the founder Sigmund Freud (1859-1939), Anna Freud (1895-1982) gave significant contribution to the psychodynamics of adolescence and Erik Erickson (1902-1994) called the â€Å"new† Freud but with an emphasis on ego (conscious) forces, termed as psychosocial theory (Craig & Dunn, p 11-13). Psychodynamics is the explanation or interpretation (as of behavior or mental states) in terms of mental or emotional forces or processes (www.merriam-webster.com) Through case study, the psychodynamic approach was developed by Sigmund Freud. Freud visited Charcot’s, a laboratory in Paris investigating people suffering from hysteria. There, Freud began patient case studies (Crain, p. 254). Freud developed 5 stages of human development known as the Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital stages. The Oral stage is from the ages of birth to 18 months. This stage engages in oral activities such as sucking. Next the Anal stage begins around age 18 months to 3 years of age. Freud suggests that during the Anal stage a child focuses on the pleasure of purging from the rectal area. The Phallic stages, none as the masturbation stage, when a child get’s pleasure from focusing on his genital areas usually happens during ages 3 years to 6 years of age. After the Phallic stage come the Latency stages. Latency is when children at the ages of 6 to 12 years old work to develop cognitive and interpersonal skills suppressing sexual interests but th ose 12 years and older fall into the Genital stages. During the Genital stage those suppressed sexual interests re-occur and the need to find gratification dependent on finding a partner (Craig & Dunn, p 12) In addition to Freud’s stages of development his best-known concepts are those of the id, ego, and superego (Crain, p. 268). The id personality called ‘the unconscious† is the personality that focuses on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain through reflexes and drives such as hunger or bladder tensions (Crain, pp. 268-269). The id concept is impulsive, chaotic and unrealistic. Although the id stage stands for â€Å"the untamed passions† it is balanced out by â€Å"reason and good sense† called the ego (Crain, p. 270). The ego evaluates situations comparing them to what has happened in the past and make realistic changes planning for the future. This is what is called â€Å"secondary process thinking†. Ego considers the possibilities of the act in question giving the opportunity to make safe and sound choices.

Culture

This paper will discourse research about civilization and multicultural instruction. Let us foremost define civilization. Culture is the entirety of socially transmitted behaviour forms, humanistic disciplines, beliefs, establishments, and all other merchandises of human work and idea. It is besides those forms, traits, and merchandises considered as the look of a peculiar period, category, community, or population. It is besides those forms, traits, and merchandises considered with regard to a peculiar class, such as a field, capable, or manner of look. Finally, it is the ruling attitudes and behaviour that characterize the operation of a group or organisation. Now let us specify multicultural instruction. Multicultural instruction is a set of schemes and stuffs in U.S. instruction that were developed to help instructors to advance democracy while reacting to the many issues created by quickly altering demographics of their pupils. Now that we have defined both civilization and mult icultural instruction we will look at and explicate how multicultural instruction can turn to cultural differences and cultural prejudice in our educational system. The followers are some ways that multicultural instruction can turn to cultural differences and cultural prejudice in schools. Every pupil must hold equal chance to accomplish to their full potency. An illustration would be engineering. Some pupils have entree to computing machines at place but others may non. If the instructor assigns a undertaking that requires computing machine usage so the instructor needs to do clip in the schoolroom to let the pupils to utilize the computing machine. This allows each pupil to hold the same chance to win in this assigned undertaking. Every pupil must be prepared to take part in a multicultural schoolroom. Communication barriers can do this a hard undertaking for both the instructor and pupil. A manner to assist cover with this issue is to hold an interrupter in the category for those pupils who can non yet pass on in English. Teachers must be prepared to learn every single pupil, no affair how culturally similar or different they are. The instru ctor can make this by leting the pupils to convey in their ain experiences into schoolroom activities. Schools must be active participants in stoping bias of all types, foremost by stoping it in the school and so by bring forthing socially and critically active and cognizant pupils. This is done foremost by disposal taking the clip to learn the instructors about cultural tolerance and so by the instructors taking that cognition and learning their pupils cultural tolerance. Education must go pupil centered and inclusive of the voices and experiences of the pupils. Every pupil has experiences in their life that they need to be allowed to convey into the schoolroom and portion with their equals and instructors. This allows others to larn about another civilization and will assist pupils to be tolerant with each other. Educators, militants, and others must take a more active function in reviewing all educational patterns and how they affect the acquisition of all pupils which include: p roving methods, learning attacks, rating and appraisal, school psychological science and guidance, educational stuffs and text editions. It is critical that proving methods be done in a manner that makes all pupils equal. If that means a non-English speech production pupil takes a trial in their ain linguistic communication so that is what needs to be done. Appraisal should besides be done in a mode that is just for every pupil. Some pupils do good on standard type trials but others do non so their demands to be other signifiers of appraisal that shows the true cognition of what the pupil has achieved such as a portfolio or a group undertaking. These things are merely the tip of what can and should be implemented in a schoolroom to do it a successful multicultural acquisition environment. Thingss that instructors and pupils in a educational scene demand to watch out for are as follows. Teachers and pupils need to larn from generalisations about other civilizations, but non to utilize those generalisations to pigeonhole, compose off or oversimplify your thoughts about others. The best usage of a generalisation is to add it to your cognition so that you can break understand and appreciate other civilizations. The following thing is to pattern communicating. That ‘s the first regulation, because it ‘s in the making that we really acquire better at cross-cultural communicating. Besides, do non presume that there is one right manner to pass on. Different civilizations communicate in different ways and it is of import to larn how a civilization different from yours communicates. Keep oppugning your premises about the right manner to pass on. For illustration, think about your organic structure linguistic communication because positions that indicate receptivity in one civilization might bespeak aggressiveness in another. Make non presume that dislocations in communicating occur because other people are on the incorrect path. Search for ways to do the communicating work, instead than seeking for who should have the incrimination for the dislocation. Another thing to be careful to make is to listen actively and sympathetically. Try to set yourself in the others places, particularly when others perceptual experiences or thoughts are really different from your ain, you might necessitate to run at the border of your ain comfort zone. Besides, Respect others ‘ picks about whether to prosecute in communicating with you. Honor their sentiments about what is traveling on. When a struggle arises you need to halt, suspend judgement, and seek to look at the state of affairs as an foreigner. Besides, be prepared for a treatment of the yesteryear. Use this as an chance to develop an apprehension from the other ‘s point of position, instead t han acquiring defensive or impatient. Acknowledge historical events that have taken topographic point. Be unfastened to larning more about them. Honest recognition of the mistreatment and subjugation that have taken topographic point on the footing of cultural difference is critical for effectual communicating. Have an consciousness of current power instabilities and openness to hearing each other ‘s perceptual experiences of those instabilities is besides necessary for understanding each other and working together. Remember that cultural norms may non use to the behaviour of any peculiar person. We are all shaped by many factors such as our cultural background, our household, our instruction, and our personalities and we are more complicated than any cultural norm could propose. To recap what has been discussed in this paper we have learned the working definitions for both civilization and multicultural instruction. Then we discussed how multicultural instruction can turn to cultural differences and prejudice in an educational scene. We have besides learned what things should non be done in the schoolroom, because they would impede a successful multicultural instruction within the schoolroom scene.MentionsAvruch, Kevin and Peter Black. ( 1993 ) . Conflict Resolution in Intercultural Settings: Problems and Prospects, in Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application. New York: St. Martin ‘s Press. Nichols, Edwin J. ( November 10, 1976 ) . A presentation made to the World Psychiatric Association and Association of Psychiatrists in Nigeria.

Origins and Evolution of Ipe Essay

Origins and evolution of IPE and its relationship with International Relations, Comparative Politics and Economics International Political Economy can be defined as the study of how economics and politics influence each other in the global system; the interaction of those two aspects of the global society. IPE focuses how governmental policies affect the way economic resources are used and what are the consequences of those policies, especially economic consequences (welfare consequences). Although the terms â€Å"globalization† and IPE are relatively new, global political economy, as the study of interaction between politics and economics, has existed for more than a century. The first global economy took place during the nineteenth century when the British Empire was the center and hegemony of the global economy and trade. In a time when mercantilism was the dominant economic system, Britain made its economy more flexible and opened to the exterior; this first global economy was based on bilateral agreements that reduced tariffs and on a stable international monetary system (starting with the British abolition of Corn Laws and the British-French Cobden-Chevalier Treaty). The gold standard was also adopted by many nations as the fixed rate exchange. By these years, the first perspectives of international political economy were used to explain the situation and the future of the global economy: †¢ Liberalism: that encourages international economic interactions in order to enrich each of the involved countries. Individuals are the main actors ruling the economy and cooperation benefits all of them. †¢ Mercantilism: which argues that economic power is necessary to gain national power; it supports that the State is the most important actor in economics. †¢ Marxism: that divides the global economy in two groups: advanced countries that explode the poorest countries. However, the beginning of the twentieth century was characterized by multiple changes in the system. The First World War meant the collapsed of the British hegemony and the raise of the American power. Despite the collapsed of the global economy in 1929, the Great Depression, USA regained its economic power during and after the Second World War (period known as the Pax Americana). Since WWII was caused in part by the failure to reconstruct a stable global economy after WWI, United States, as the hegemonic power, worked in order to create international institutions to provide a more stable structure and integrated international economy. Therefore, developments after 1945 have increased the interactions between economies. In this post-war period, new international organizations were created: World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank have strongly shaped the international political economy and its study. Today, the understanding of their function is essential to the study of IPE; they are key focuses of the IPE. However, some argue that the IPE was not developed until the 60’s and 70’s, when the Pax Americana was declining. This was a period characterized political and social instability; economy was not as prosper as it used to be in the past and the Cold War was increasing the international tension between capital and communist blocs. Moreover, events such as the Oil Embargo in 1973 and the breakdown of the Bretton Woods monetary system are key factors that influenced the development of IPE. For these reason, the old theories were not able anymore to analyze and understand the global political and economic situation. Theories like the hegemonic stability, which argues the necessary existence of a hegemonic country which controls the global political economy, failed in their attempts to predict the future of the international system based on state-power explanations. USA hegemony has been collapsing since the 60’s; however, cooperation, interdependence and global trade since then have increased successfully. Today, the global economy is dominated not only by United States, but by Japan, Germany and France. Moreover, IPE today is facing the challenges of a more globalized political economy, where new actors have key roles in the function of the system, such as China and India. By examining the historic events of the international environment during the last centuries, we can notice how important the interaction is between economic and political factors in the global system. Economic tools, such as tariffs, clearly determine openness and global trade: the lowest the tariffs of states, the greater the openness of economies (periods from 1820 to 1879 and from 1946 to 1970). Those periods of open economies correspond to the raising of the British and American hegemony. On the other hand, we can notice how these economic interactions shape States’ foreign policies: normally, trade is concentrated within regions not only because of comparative advantage, but by political choices or dictates (Krasner, 29). Nowadays, globalization is creating a lot of controversy and disagreement about the future of our international system. While some emphasizes the benefits of a more interdependent and cooperative economy, others argue that globalization consequences are social inequalities and financial crisis. The challenge today is to decide whether the states should increase global trade or close their economies. Those political decisions are strongly influenced by social and public opinions; if individuals and other economic actors reject globalization, policies would be created to protect their national economies rather than maintaining the openness. History demonstrates how political actions of individual states clearly affect international trade and re lations; at the same time, those policies affect the behavior of economic actors in the international environment and foreign policy of other states. In a globalized world neither economic theories nor political theories alone can explain and predict the international system. IPE integrates both and is developing its theories to face the changes of the economies and politics of the globe. IPE has been forced to adopt new research methods and analytical tools to explain the new trends of the international arena. Today’s IPE theories have to include new units of analysis such as the role of international institutions and how policies affect particular groups. Today, we can differentiate between four IPE perspectives: international political (emphasizes the role of domestic policies), international economic (highlights global economic factors), domestic institutional (studies the role of the institutions of the state) and domestic societal (the role of sociopolitical actors). The most dominant approach today is the Open Economy Politics, which include new units of study such as the interest of particular groups, the role of institutions and the influence of one state’s decisions in other states’ behaviors. International Political Economy (IPE) is a â€Å"maturing interdiscipline† As we mentioned before, Political Economy, as the study of the interaction between economics and politics, is not new. However, during the past decades, changes in the global system have led to new and more developed studies, and IPE has emerged as new and renovated interdisciplinary field. IPE was born, as know it today, when scholars realized the importance to understand the simultaneous growth and conflict in international markets in the 60’s and 70’s. Since its birth, IPE has evolved and many different approaches have risen. On the one hand, the dependency theory was developed, which argues that the world is divided in a periphery (the poore st countries) that is dominated by the core (the most developed countries). On the other, the hegemonic stability theory was also created, which supports that the existence of a hegemonic power is necessary in other to control and stabilize a global economy. Another approach to IPE also emphasizes the importance of interest groups in trade policies. As we can notice, new perspectives and situations lead to different approaches. Today, the dominant approach is the Open Economy Politics (OEP), which incorporates new and more explicit variables to the study of the international political economy. OEP focuses in how individual or groups are affected by particular policies, how institutions aggregate conflicting societal interests and rule the political game, and how states negotiate when necessary to influence one another’s behavior. Therefore, we can see how IPE has grown and improved in the last decades to adjust their methods to changes in the global system. New tools and research methods have undoubtedly improved IPE outcomes. However, David Lake argues that it is not perfect, and there is a lot to improve. †For the same reasons that substantial intellectual progress has occurred in the past, I remain optimistic about the future of this emerging interdiscilpline† (Lake 2004) In conclusion, as long as the global political economy faces changes and new challenges, IPE has to adjust its methods in order to better explain international interactions and their influence in economy and politics. Although the IPE filed is rapidly developing nowadays, it can improve its theories. We also need to remember that globalization is changing our current system, and that even though IPE predicted this current era, it wasn’t as accurate as it could be. Many experts argue, for example, that globalization is increasing inequalities around the world and that more protectionist measures must be taken (Oatley p. 362). A better understanding and development of the IPE would help us understand and take decisions about our current economics and politics, and would help us predict the outcomes of those measures we take. As Jeffrey Frankel says, globalization is neither new nor very extensive; the same way IPE has been developing for years, it must keep emerging new theories and methods. IPE’s main contribution First of all, I want to emphasize that I do not consider IPE as a methodological approach, but a set of studies that attempt to explain international trade and politics; IPE is not a group of rules that countries and economies have to follow, but theories that help us explain the outcomes of our economic and political actions. Personally I do not think that any particular event or politic-economic decision is a direct outcome of IPE. Instead, what I think is that IPE is an essential social science that helps us to understand economic and institutional behavior in the international arena. IPE has showed us how politics and economics are not separate aspects of our society, but they are complementary and interdependent pieces of the international system. Although there is a lot to develop in the international political economy field, it has been able to predict outcomes of our political and economic decisions. Therefore, IPE does not directly tell us what policies we should apply, but show us the consequences of each one of them and help us to take decisions based on predictions. Also, IPE has showed us that our society is in continuous change; although there are many factors that are repeated throughout history, there are also new challenges that appear in each different period. The study of International Political Economy can better prepare us to face the new challenges of our society: the emerge of new powerful economies such as China and India and how their appearance will change international relations, the implications of the last global financial crisis, the roles of new social force and international institutions, and many others. Sources Oatley, Thomas. 2010. International Political Economy (4th Edition). New York: Longman. Frieden, Jeffry, David A. Lake, and Lawrence Broz, eds. 2009. International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth (5th Edition). New York: Longman. Lake, David. International Political Economy: A Maturing Interdiscipline. Diss. University of California, 2004. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.

Boots and Booty

Boots and Booty Boots and Booty Boots and Booty By Maeve Maddox The noun boot, meaning â€Å"a covering for the foot and lower part of the leg,† has been in the language since the early 14th century. The word existed in medieval Latin and entered English via French. The popularity of boots as footwear has never diminished, but our use of the word boot and similar forms doesn’t always pertain to the article of apparel. First let’s look at terms and expressions that do relate to footwear. bootleg: As a noun, bootleg is recorded in the 17th century with the meaning â€Å"the leg of a boot.† Nineteenth century American frontiersmen favored bootlegs as convenient places to carry knives and shooting irons. The term acquired its present associations with the illicit trading of liquor even before Prohibition became the law of the land in 1920; a handful of states outlawed alcoholic beverages earlier. For example, Kansas banned alcohol in 1881. A bootleg could conceal a small bottle of liquor. In current usage, bootleg denotes anything that is traded or trafficked illicitly: bootleg CDs, bootleg diamonds, bootleg babies, etc. As a verb, bootleg means â€Å"to traffic illicitly in liquor or anything else.† The verb bootleg is also an American football term meaning â€Å"to carry the ball deceptively.† bootstrap: as a noun, a bootstrap is a loop attached to the top of a boot to help the wearer pull on the boot. I’ve written about the figurative meanings of bootstrap here. boot camp: This is a term for U.S. Marine and Navy recruit training. The term boot as slang for recruit may date from the Spanish-American War. U.S. sailors wore leggings called boots and the term transferred to the sailors themselves. By extension, boot camp is now also used for any training camp or program that resembles boot camp by requiring rigorous training. The term can also refer specifically to a facility or program for juvenile offenders who are forced to follow a rigidly structured routine of drill and discipline. bootlicker: A cringing, favor-seeking toady is called a bootlicker: a person who would do any demeaning thing to please and flatter a person in power. You can find more terms for subservient people here. jackboot: a type of large, strong cavalry boot popular in the 17th and 18th centuries was called a jackboot; later it was worn by German military and paramilitary units during the Nazi regime. Even before its association with the Nazis, the term had acquired the connotation of military oppression. boot: As a verb, â€Å"to boot† can mean â€Å"to kick,† as in â€Å"They booted out the old superintendent and hired a new one.† As a verb in the context of computer use, boot derives from bootstrap. to boot: We still use the expression â€Å"to boot† with the meaning â€Å"in addition† or â€Å"as a bonus†: The guy’s a chronic complainer and a tightwad to boot. The most patient and behaved dog in the world (and she’s Irish to boot). We offer inexpensive prices for our AC and heating units and we will throw in a free thermostat to boot! The expression â€Å"to boot† comes from an obsolete noun boot, meaning â€Å"good, profit, advantage.† The related verb boot meant â€Å"to make better, to remedy.† You may have encountered the verb boot in Shakespeare: It shall scarce boot me To say â€Å"Not guilty.† Hermione, A Winter’s Tale, III.ii.24. booty: As a noun meaning â€Å"plunder, gain, profit,† booty comes from an Old French word, butin. As a noun meaning â€Å"a woman’s body (or a part thereof) as a sex object,† booty originated as 1920s black slang, possibly an alteration of another slang word, botty, meaning bottom or buttocks. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical WordsThe Difference Between "will" and "shall"Prepositions to Die With

American Civil War Weapons, Tactics, and Battalions

American Civil War Weapons, Tactics, and Battalions During the American Civil War there were many battalions, some that changed the outcome of the war. Each battalion used different weapons depending on location. Some battalions had different tactics during battles. Certain battalions are famous for what they have done. These were major to battalions and made up their name in history. Weapons used by battalions could change the outcome of a battle depending on the type of battalions that are participating in the fight. The weapons changed the range and radius of a battle and the better a weapon is the more a soldier could do with it. Tactics used by battalions differ depending on the type of battalion. The many different tactics made attacking a base not very predictable, they didnt know if they were walking into a firing squad or an artillery strike. And with support battalions like medical or logistics supplies and aid wasn’t terrible for its time. Some battalions even changed the outcome of the war. These battalions either weakened forts or cleared way for the others to push.. These were major to battalions and made up their name in history. They showed fighting style that has helped us improved in the future and gave other battalion that national pride that made a soldier want to fight to the best of his ability. This is the impact of weapons and tactics during the American Civil War. Weapons Used by BattalionsInfantry battalions mostly used rifled muskets during the American Civil War. Rifled muskets were given to every infantry soldier. These rifles shot minie balls. Another type of bullet is the .69 bullet, however they were more uncommon because the 1842 muskets were not manufactured as much. The barrels were 40 inches long giving them a good ranged (Civil War, John Stanchak).Officers were given a colt revolver and sabre sword. The revolvers varied but most of the the revolvers shoot .49 bullets. They were more effective in close quarters combat because of how fast they can switch between shots but the range was not like rifles. (Weapons and Tactics of the American Civil War)2. Example #2 Cavalry and artillery battalions used different weapons then the infantry battalions.a. Calvary used carbine rifles. b. Artillery used cannons and mortars.Weapons could have been a huge impact in certain battles. Having nes that could shoot multiple shots to having cannons th at explode cut out a huge number of wounded soldiers on the field. Tactics Used By Battalions Example #1 Front Linesa. Infantry, front lines most the time with no strategy but to wait until night or rush their enemies.b. Artillery, explosive experts. Used mortars and cannons. They also mounted cannons to trains for drive by mobile artillery. Example #2 Supportc. Calvary, supporting line. Came in after main forces. Had horses with swords and carbine rifles.d. Medics and logistics, Were not involved in the battle most the time. Logistics would deliver supplies like ammo. Medics would do their best to get people who were hurt out the fight and healed up. These were the most common tactics used during the American Civil War. Famous Battalions Example #1 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantrya. History Captain Robert Shaw gets promoted to colonel of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. Thomas Searles is the first volunteer for the battalion. The battalion becomes an almost all black battalion made up of mostly ex slaves. The Confederacy wants them to be put back on slavery. After the 54th completes training, they get transferred under the command of General Charles Harker Battles1. Olustee, Fort wagner (Glory) People found the battalion to be useless and still had rough feelings against them.c. Legacy, after the battle of fort wagner, the colored people who fought were given their equal pay. (Glory)The last battle this battalion served in. Almost won the battle but due to cannons they lost while besieging the fort.*(since this reason is best, a 3rd example to support is necessary) The Greatest Brigadea. History The brigade originally consisted of the 63rd New York Infantry, the 69th New York Infantry, and the 88th New York Infantry. Battle First Battle of Bull Run, c. Legacy1. Compare / Contrast both3. Example #3 The 16th Connecticuts Civil Wara. History The 16th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry was unprepared for battle a month later, when it entered the fight at Antietam. The results were catastrophic: nearly a quarter of the men were killed or wounded, and Connecticut’s 16th panicked and fled the field. In the years that followed, the regiment participated in minor skirmishes before surrendering en masse in North Carolina in 1864. Most of its members spent months in southern prison camps, including the notorious Andersonville stockade, where disease and starvation took the lives of over one hundred members of the unit. Battle Antietamc Legacy Over time, competing stories emerged of who they were, why they endured what they did, and how they should be remembered. By the end of the century, their collective recollections reshaped this troubling and traumatic past, and the â€Å"unfortunate regiment† emerged as the Brave Sixteenth,† their individual memories and accounts altered to fit the more heroic contours of the Union victory.*(This example should be your most convincing example to this point â€Å"Sealing the Deal† for your reader. A fair evaluation of the â€Å"other side of the issue† may also be appropriate here; however, your stand needs to be made most clearly!)CCS (Conclude your thoughts concerning your third and final reason.)V. These were what battalions were like during the Civil War. A. Weapons varied in different type of battalion during the Civil War. B. Different battalions used different tactics during the Civil War. C. â€Å"Revisit the nature† of your third reason (Do Not Repeat)CCS: During the American Civil war many battalion have been whipped out or disbanded because of casualties. This is most likely because of the extreme weapons and ruthless tactics used.

Infection Control Practice in Saudi Arabia Assignment

Infection Control Practice in Saudi Arabia - Assignment Example tive in the modern times that every measure should be taken to reduce the spread of communicable disease which has of late increased the morbidity and mortality rate in Saudi Arabia. Sadly or perhaps even disappointing, the Saudi Arabian Commission of Health Specialty does not request any specific tests of any nature for infection control prior to the renewal of nursing license. This is in light of even the presence of the most lethal and dreadful virus Ebola virus scare in the modern times. While Ebola scare should not only be the cause for having infection prevention and control test (Krisberg, 2013) there are many other benefit that comes with well-educated and trained medical personnel in line of infection prevention and control. This are benefits that are proven scientifically and there is every rationale that the hospitals in Saudi Arabia should adopt measure of identifying the proficiency in infection prevention and control among its member. This can provide information for training need for the nurse on the very line. According to Krisberg (2013) he assert that it is not only important to request Infection Control Test as a prerequisite to renew nursing license in Saudi Arabia, it is imperative also for its benefit across the divide. The benefits touches both on the care givers of the patients and the patients. Proficiency of infection prevention and control is also very beneficial to the government since it reduces the cost of government in caring for the morbidity that is as result of poor measures of infection and control of diseases in the hospital. There are several empirical research that remain as prove that the test could revolutionize the infection prevention and control and henceforth reduce the preventable infection in Saudi Arabia. Despite the resounding empirical research indicating that improved infection prevention and control is very important, the recently released research report of Saudi Arabian practice on infection prevention and